IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WiST  MAIN  STRHT 

WEBSTH.N.Y.  14S80 

(716)872-4S03 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/iCIVlH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historlques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notoa  techniquaa  at  bibliographiquc 


Tha 
tot 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibiiographically  unlqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  aigniflcantly  changa 
tha  uauai  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  baiow.- 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


I     I   Covara  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagte 

Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raataurta  at/ou  pailiculAa 

Covar  titia  miaaing/ 

La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 

Colourad  mapa/ 

Cartaa  giographiquai  an  coulaur 


I     I   Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 


Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 

Colourad  plataa  and/or  illuatrationa/ 
Planchaa  at/ou  illuatrationa  an  coulaur 

Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RallA  avac  d'autraa  documanta 

Tight  binding  may  cauaa  ahadowa  or  diatortion 
along  intarlor  margin/ 

La  re  liura  sarrie  paut  cauaar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
diatortion  la  long  da  la  marga  IntAriaura 

Blank  laavaa  addad  during  raatoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  poaaibia,  thaaa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  aa  paut  qua  cartainaa  pagaa  blanrhaa  ajouttea 
lora  d'una  raatauration  apparalaaani:  dana  la  taxta, 
mala,  ioraqua  cala  Atait  poaaibia,  caa  pagaa  n'ont 
paa  M  filmtea. 

Additional  commanta:/ 
Commantairaa  supplAmantairaa; 


L'Inatitut  a  microfilm^  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu'il  lul  a  AtA  poaaibia  da  aa  procurer.  Laa  dAtaila 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  aont  paut-Atra  uniquaa  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modifier 
una  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dana  la  mAthoda  normale  de  f ilmage 
aont  indiqute  cl-daaaoua. 


I — I  Colourad  pagaa/ 


Pagaa  da  coulaur 

Pagea  damaged/ 
Pagaa  andommag^aa 


□   Pagaa  raatorad  and/or  laminated/ 
Pagaa  reatauriaa  at/ou  pallicultea 

[Zf 


Pagea  diacoloured,  atained  or  foxed/ 
Pagaa  dteolortea,  tachettea  ou  piqutea 


I     I    Pagea  detached/ 
ryi    Showthrough/ 


Pagea  dAtachtea 

Showthrough/ 
Tranaparence 

Quality  of  prir 

QualitA  InAgala  de  I'lmpreaaion 

Includaa  auoplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  auppKmantaira 


I     I    Quelity  of  print  variea/ 

I     I    Includaa  auoplementary  material/ 


D 
[Zf 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mitlon  diaponlble 

Pagea  wholly  or  partially  obacured  by  errata 
aiipa,  tiaauea,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
enaura  the  beat  poaaibia  image/ 
Lea  pagea  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obacurcias  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  it6  filmtea  A  nouveau  de  fa9on  d 
obtanir  la  meilleure  image  poaaibia. 


Tha 
pes 
oft 
filn 


Orij 
bes 
the 
aioi 
oth 
fira 
aioi 
or  I 


The 
aha 

whi 

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diff 
ant 
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mei 


Thia  itain  ia  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  eat  fllm4  au  taux  de  reduction  indlquA  ci-deaaoua. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


v/ 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  hee  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Plant  RMMfch  Library 
Aoriculturti  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grflce  A  ia 
g^n^rosit*  de: 

BibliothkiMa  da  racharchas  sur  lai  vigAtaux 
AgriouHiira  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t4  reproduites  avac  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  rexemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  en  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  Y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

l\/laps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  exemplairas  originaux  dont  ia  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  fiim6s  en  commsn9ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iilustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fiimAs  en  commenqant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iilustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  -*-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiimte  A  des  taux  de  rMuction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  ciich6.  il  est  film*  d  partir 
de  I'angle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iliustrent  ia  mdthode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

32X 


THE 

NORTH  AMERICAN 

SYLYA; 

OR, 

A    DESCRIPTION    OF  THE   FOREST  TREES 

OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES,  CANADA  AND  NOVA  SCOTIA, 
NOT  DESCRIBED  IN  THE  WORK 

OP 

F.  ANDREW  MICHAUX, 

AND   CONTAINING   ALL   THE 

roUEST    TREES    DISCOVEHED     IN   THE    ROCKY   MOUNTAINS,     THE    TERKI- 

TOKY    OF    OREGON,    DOWN   TO   THE    SHORES    OP   THE    PACIFIC,    AND 

INTO    THE    CONFINES    OP   CALIFORNIA,    AS    WELL    AS    IN 

VARIOUS    PARTS     OP     THE    UNITED    STATES. 

ILLUSTRATED    BY    122    FINE   PLATES. 

BY  THOMAS  NUTTALL,  F.  L.  S., 

Member  of  the  American  PhilosopMeal  Soeiety.and  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  &c.  &c.  &c. 

IN  THREE  VOLUMES.— VOL.  IL 

BKINO   THE  SI.TH  VOL.ME  OF  MICHA.X  AND  N.XTAL.'s  NORTH  AMERICAN  SV.VA. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

SMITH  &  WISTAR,  15  MINOR  STREET. 

''■  'i.ONDON'%ri^''''^'''  ^'"^'^    ^'"""^  '    «•  «^^^'>^"^.  PATERNOSTER-ROW, 
lONDON,    „.  BOSSANGE,  NO.  11  ^VAl  VOLTAIRE,  PARIS  J    PERTHES, 


BfiSSEK  &  MAUKE,  NO.  122  JUNGFERNSTIEG,  HAMBU 

1849 


KG. 


Entered  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year    1846,  by  J.  Dobson,  in  the 
Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


the 


I.'  \u 


Ficus   peduuciilata. 

f/itrrr  tiy-lree  Ii^iiitr  piduncidf 


Sinclrtt  !•  y  l.illi 


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FIG-TREES. 

Natural  Order,  AaxocABPEiB,  (R.  Brown.)    Linnsean 
Classification,  Polyqamia,  Dkecia. 

FICUS,t  (TouRN.  Linn.) 

Difficious. — The  common  receptacle  spherical  or  pyriform, 
resembling  a  berry,  fleshy  and  closed,  including  numerous 
distinct  and  minute  flowers.  Male,  calyx  3-parted.  Corolla 
none.  Stamens  1  to  3.  Female  with  the  calyx  3  to  5- 
parted,  and  no  corolla.  Pistillum  1;  style  1,  subulate;  the 
stigma  simple  or  bifid  and  unequal.  Seed  1,  covered  by  the 
persistent  subcarnose  calyx. 

Lactescent  trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  of  tropical  America,  Africa, 
and  India;  leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  stipules  terminal,  conical, 
convolute.  Receptacles  mostly  axillary,  solitary,  or  crowded, 
rarely  disposed  in  terminal  racemes,  often  bracteolate  at  base. 

CHERRY  FIG-TREE. 

FICUS  pedunculata,  foliis  ovato-oblongis  integerrimis  acu- 
minatis  obtusis,  basi  obsolete  cordatis,  receptaculis  globo- 
sis  subgeminatis  calyctdatis  pedunculatis.  Willd.  Sp.  pi. 
AiTON.  Hort.  Kewen.,  vol.  3.  p.  450. 

Ficus  arbor  americana,  arbuti  foliis  non  serrata,  Jrtictu 
pisi  magnitudine,  funiculis  e  ramis  ad  terram  dimissis 
prolifera.  Pluken.  Almag.  p.  144.  tab.  178.  fig.  4.  ? 

This  species  of  Fig-Tree  was  discovered  by  Jacquin 
in  the  island  of  Martinique;  it  is  also  indigenous  to 
some  other  of  the  West  India  islands,  as  well  as  to  the 
neighbouring  continent  of  tropical  America.  At  Key- 
West,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  it  becomes  a  large 
spreading  tree  50  feet  in  height,  and  like  some  other 


t  A  Latin  word  of  uncertain  derivation. 


VOL.  II. 


/'  •^- 


i1 


Hi 


3  CHERRY  FIG-TREE. 

species,  particularly  the  famous  Uanyan  tree,  (F.  indica,) 
it  sends  down  roots  from  its  lofty  branclios  resembling 
ropes,  which,  on  reaching  the  soil,  at  length  become  so 
many  independent  trunks,  in  turn  producing  others;  and 
spreading  themselves  on  all  sides  without  interruption, 
they  present  an  united  summit  of  prodigious  extent, 
which,  reposing  on  a  multitude  of  trunks  of  difl<!rent 
dimensions,  seems  like  the  airy  vault  of  some  vast  edi- 
fice sustained  by  innumerable  columns. 

The  bark  of  the  branches  appears  to  be  grey  and 
even,  the  leaves  are  very  smooth  on  both  sides,  but 
covered  with  innumerable  minute  dots  on  the  upper 
surface.  They  arc  3  to  4  inches  long,  li  to  2  inches 
wide,  with  a  peduncle  about  IJ  inches  long.  They  have 
a  few  distant  pennated  nerves  inosculating  towards  the 
margin  of  the  leaf,  with  innumerable  intermediate  slender 
reticulations  of  vessels;  they  are  generally  of  an  ovate 
form,  rounded  or  almost  cordate  at  the  base,  with  a 
short  and  blunt  acumination;  from  their  axills  arise  1  or 
2  peduncles  about  f  of  an  inch  long,  each  terminated 
by  a  bifid  involucel,  improperly  called  a  calyx.  The 
figs  themselves  are  nearly  globose,  but  sensibly  wider 
at  the  summit,  about  the  magnitude  of  small  cherries, 
greenish-yellow  and  purple  at  the  summit,  (as  they 
appear  in  a  withered  state,)  with  a  few  purplish  pale 
spots. 

Of  this  species  there  appears  to  be  a  distinct  variety, 
if  not  a  species,  which  I  shall  for  the  present  call 
(3.  acuta;  the  leaf  is  elliptic,  shortly  acuminate,  acute  at 
base  and  faintly  nerved  beneath.  It  also  becomes  a 
large  tree,  producing  a  fig  about  the  size  of  a  cherry, 
which  is  yellow  when  ripe. 

Plate  XLI. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  fruit. 


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SHORT  LEAVED  FIG-TREE. 

FICUS  BREviPoLiA,  foliis  cordato-ovatis  integerrimis  obtu- 
sis  abbreviatis  brevi  petiolatis  glabris,  vents  immersis,  re- 
ceptaculis  globosis  depressis  umbilicatis  solitariis  brevi 
pedunculatisy  involiicellis  bijidis. 

This  is  also  a  species  of  arborescent  Fig,  indigenous 
to  Key  West,  in  East  Florida,  but  by  no  means  com- 
mon, and,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  its  discoverer,  it 
forms  a  tree  with  a  slender,  almost  horizontal  stem, 
which  in  its  progress  throws  off  funicular  roots  that 
serve  as  props  to  prevent  the  main  trunk  from  becom- 
ing entirely  prostrate. 

The  branches  are  covered  with  a  light  grey  bark. 
The  leaves  are  about  2  inches  long  by  \\  inches  wide, 
perfectly  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  on  petioles  from  \  to 
I  of  an  inch  long.  The  veins  on  the  under  surface  are 
so  far  immersed  as  to  be  scarcely  visible.  The  figs, 
about  the  size  of  small  cherries,  are  of  a  flattened, 
spheroidal  form,  at  first,  as  well  as  the  bifid  involucrum, 
slenderly  villous;  they  grow  out  chiefly  at  the  extremi- 
ties of  the  twigs,  on  thick  pedicels,  about  2  or  3  lines 
long,  and  when  ripe  are  of  a  brightish  purple  red.  We 
do  not  find  any  species  with  which  the  present  agrees. 
From  the  description  and  specific  name,  we  should 
suppose  the  present  species  allied  to  the  F.  padifolia  of 
Humboldt  and  Bonpland,  but  it  differs  too  much  to  be 
referred  to  that  species. 


Plate  XLIl. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


I  I'll 

II 
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1 


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SMALL  FRUITED  FIG-TREE. 

FICUS  AUREA,  glabra,  foliis  integerrimis  ellipticis  subacu- 
minatis  acutiusculis  bast  plerisque  angustatis  penniner- 
viis  brevi-petiolatis,fructibus  globosis  geminatis  sessilibus 
involucraiis,  involucris  subtrifidis  majusculis, 

fi.  1.ATIF0L.I A, /oliis  lato-ovatis  subellipticis. 

This  species,  according  to  its  discoverer,  Dr.  Blod- 
gett,  becomes  at  Key  West,  in  East  Florida,  a  large 
tree,  at  first  parasitical  on  other  trees,  but  destroying 
its  supporter,  it  at  length  reaches  the  ground  and  forms 
an  independent  trunk  of  large  dimensions.  It  bears, 
however,  a  very  insignificant  fruit,  only  about  the  size 
of  a  pea,  and  orange-yellow  when  ripe. 

The  branches  are  covered  with  a  whitish  bark.  The 
leaves  3  to  4 J  inches  long,  are  from  li  to  2i  broad; 
the  peduncles  are  about  an  inch  in  length.  The  form 
of  the  leaves  are  almost  similar  with  those  of  the  Orange, 
elliptic  and  narrower  below,  with  a  rounded  summit, 
and  a  very  short,  rather  acute,  projecting  point  or 
acumination,  they  are  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath, 
with  conspicuous  feathered  nerves  which  run  together 
within  the  margin.  The  figs  are  sessile,  clustered  by 
pairs,  with  a  small  valvular  orifice,  and  are  nearly  half 
embraced  by  the  sheathing,  bifid  or  trifid,  one-sided 
involucrum. 

This  species  appears  to  be  very  nearly  allied  to  the 
F,  martinicensis  of  Willdenow,  (the  F.  laurifolia  of  La- 
marck,) but  we  can  by  no  means  reconcile  it  to  Sloane's 
figure,  (Hist.  Jam.  t.  223,)  for  in  that  species  the  leaves 
are  lanceolate,  and  8  or  9  inches  long,  by  2  wide,  on 


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SMALL  FRUITED  FIG-TREE. 


5 


petioles  2  inches  or  more  in  length;  the  fruit  is  also 
said  to  be  scarlet,  of  the  size  of  a  hazel-nut,  and  sweet- 
ish and  not  unpleasant.  In  our  variety  (3.  the  leaves 
are  wholly  oval  and  not  narrowed  at  the  base. 


Plate  XLIII. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 

The  milky  juice  of  the  Fig-trees  is  more  or  less  acrid 
and  foetid,  however  sweet  and  wholesome  the  fruit  may 
be,  and  that  of  the  Ficus  toxicaria  of  Sumatra  is  ac- 
counted poisonous.  The  sap  of  several  of  the  South 
American  and  Mexican  species,  inspissated,  affords 
caoutfihouc. 

The  cultivated  Fig,  {Ficus  Carica,)  in  its  wild  state, 
is  a  humble  and  distorted  shrub,  affecting  rocks  and 
ruins,  bearing  a  fruit  of  inferior  flavour,  but  with  the 
parts  of  fructification  very  perfect.  Such  figs  as  seem 
to  drop  off  before  maturity,  are  commonly  those  in 
which  the  stamens  are  most  numerous  or  effective. 
These  are  carefully  collected  in  the  Levant  to  fer- 
tilize the  female  blossoms  of  the  cultivated  Fig,  which 
will  explain  the  mystery  of  caprijlcation.  In  these  coun- 
tries the  fruit,  fresh,  or  dried  in  the  sun,  forms  an 
important  part  of  the  food  of  the  inhabitants. 

The  Banyan  Tree,  (Ficus  Indica,)  nearly  allied  to 
our  F.  aurca,  becomes  in  India  an  immense  tree,  spread- 
ing very  wide,  and  throwing  down  rope  like  roots  into 
the  soil.  Marsden  mentions  one  of  these  growing  near 
Memgee,  20  miles  west  of  Patna,  in  Bengal,  which  gave 
the  enormous  diameter  of  370  feet;  the  circumference 
of  the  shadow,  at  noon,  was  1,116  feet,  and  there  were 
50  or  60  stems.  It  is  called  the  priests'  tree,  and  held 
in  such  veneration  by  the  Gentoos,  that  if  any  one  cuts 
off  a  branch,  he  is  looked  upon  as  sacrilegious,  and  held 
in  the  greatest  abhorrence. 


Ill 

1,. 

V 


HAWTHORN. 

Natural  Order,  Rosaceje,  (suh-ordcr,  PoMEiE,  Jussieu.) 
Linnscan  Classijicution,  Icosandria,  Di —  Pentagynia. 


.  ) 


1 !  !■ 


CRATAEGUS,  (Linn.,  excluding  some  species.) 

Adnate  caf^x  tube  urceolate,  with  a  5-clcft  border.  Petals  5, 
orbicular.  Stamens  15  or  more.  Styles  3  to  5,  (rarely  1.) 
Pome  or  apple  fleshy,  ovate  or  globose,  closed  and  crowned 
with  the  persisting  teeth  of  the  calyx,  and  containing  2  to  5 
hard  1-seeded  nuts. 

These  arc  spiny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  almost  exclusively  in- 
digenous to  Europe  and  the  United  States  of  America,  with 
simple,  angularly  lobed,  incised,  or  toothed  leaves,  furnished  with 
stipules  of  somewhat  different  forms  on  the  fertile  or  infertile 
branches.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal  corymbs,  sometimes  soli- 
tary. Bractcs  subulate,  deciduous.  The  fruit  rather  small, 
sweet,  or  agreeably  acidulous. 

RED  THORN,  or  SIBERIAN  HAWTHORN. 

CRAT^GUS  SANGUINE  A,  spinosa,foliis  septangulis  serratis 
basi  prodiictis  petiolis  snhmarginatis.  Pallas,  Flora  Ros- 
sica,  vol.  1.  p.  25.  tab.  11.  (very  good.) 

Crataegus  sanguinea,  leaves  broadly  obovate,  somewhat  cune- 
ate  at  the  base,  incised  and  serrate,  often  slightly  5  to  7  lobed, 
a  little  pubescent  when  young,  on  short  petioles,  at  length  co- 
riaceous and  shining;  corymbs  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubes- 
cent; segments  of  the  calyx  entire,  and,  as  well  as  the  pedi- 
cels, not  glandular;  styles  3-4;  fruit  globose.  Toruey  and 
Gray,  Flora  N.  Amer.,  vol.  1.  p.  464. 

/8.  Donglasii,  spines  short  and  stout  (long  in  cultivation,  Lou- 
don)', fruit  small,  dark  purple. 


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RED  THORN,  OR  SIBERIAN  HAWTHORN.  7 

Cratjeovs  punciata,  fi.  brevispina.  Douol.  in  Hook.  Flor.  Ilor. 

Am.,  vol.  1.  p.  201. 
Crataegus  glandulosa,  Pursh,  vol.  1.  p.  337,  (as  it  regards  the 

plant  collected  by  Capt.  Lewis  In  the  Rocky  Mountains.) 
Crataegus  Doiiglasii,  Lindl.  Hot.  Regist.  tab.  1810.   Loudon, 

Arbor.  Brit.,  vol.  3.  p.  823. 

This  species  of  Hawthorn,  which  becomes  a  tree  18 
to  25  feet  in  height,  is  first  met  with  to  the  West,  on 
the  borders  of  rivulets,  in  the  range  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, particularly  on  their  western  declivity,  from 
whence  it  continues  along  the  banks  of  the  Oregon,  and 
particularly  its  tributaries,  down  to  the  shores  of  the 
Pacific.  We  found  it  also,  in  great  perfection,  loaded 
with  its  sweet,  nearly  black,  and  pleasant  fruit,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Wahlamet.  The  stem  attains  to  about  the 
diameter  of  3  to  6  inches,  with  a  whitish,  compact,  close- 
grained  wood,  of  which,  in  common  with  the  Crab 
Apple  of  that  country,  the  natives  make  their  wedges 
for  splitting  trees. 

The  Siberian  plant,  according  to  Pallas,  begins  to  be 
found  to  the  south  of  the  Uralian  Mountains,  and  con- 
tinues beyond  the  Obi  through  all  the  southern  tract  of 
Siberia,  in  dry  mountainous  situations,  and  in  the  thick- 
ets which  border  the  higher  rivulets;  exactly  the  sort 
of  situations  aflfected  by  the  American  plant  in  the 
Alpine  region  where  it  commences.  It  also,  like  ours, 
becomes  a  tree  12  to  18  feet  in  height. 

Lewis  and  Clarke  speak  of  finding  haws,  probably  of 
this  or  the  following  species,  on  Flat  Head  River,  Avhich 
heads  against  the  sources  of  the  Missouri. 

Almost  entirely  deprived  of  vegetable  food,  every 
accession  of  fruit,  however  meagre,  was  hailed  with 
delight  by  our  famished  party,  and  the  ripe  berries  of 
this  fine  Hawthorn  were  collected  with  avidity.  The 
bushes,  or  rather  trees  were,  however,  so  high  that  we 


8 


RED  THORN,  OR   SIBERIAN  HAWTHORN. 


could  only  come  at  the  fruit  on  horseback,  or  after 
ascending  the  trunk,  which  often  appeared  equal  to 
that  of  an  ordinary  app'?  tree. 

The  summit  of  the  tree  is  round  and  spreading,  and 
the  thorns  vary  in  size,  though  they  are  often  short,  and 
in  no  case  numerous.  The  leaves  are  broad  and  some- 
what rounded  above,  cuneate  at  the  base,  smooth,  on 
the  upper  surface,  and  always  more  or  less  pubescent 
beneath,  the  margin  is  incise  and  serrate,  and  divided 
often  into  5  to  7  shallow  lobes.  The  flowers  are  white, 
rather  large,  and  numerous,  disposed  in  a  corymb,  with 
the  peduncles  and  base  of  the  calyx  more  or  less  pilose 
and  glandular.  The  styles  3  or  4,  are  occasionally  as 
many  as  5.  The  segments  of  the  calyx  are  rather  long 
and  acuminated,  membranaceous  on  the  margin  and 
appressed  to  the  flower.  The  berries  are  shortly  ellip- 
tic or  oval,  and  nearly  black  or  dark  purple  when  ripe. 
In  the  Siberian  plant,  described  by  Pallas,  they  are 
scarlet;  but  he  remarks,  that  according  to  Steller,  the 
haws  of  Kamtschatka  are  both  red  and  black,  and  that 
there  they  are  not  only  used  as  agreeable  fruits,  but  are 
also  collected  for  the  purpose  of  distillation  into  spirits. 
A  good  spirit  is  likewise  obtained  by  the  fermentation 
and  distillation  of  the  fruit  of  the  common  Hawthorn, 
(C  oxyacantha.) 

This  species  is  very  nearly  allied  to  C.  coccinea,  with 
which  indeed  Pallas  compares  itj  but  in  C.  cocclnea  the 
leaves  have  longer  petioles,  it  bears  much  larger  flowers, 
with  larger  segments  to  the  calyx.  The  fruit  is  also  (in 
our  plant)  smaller,  and  the  plant  more  decidedly  arbo- 
rescent. 


Plate  XLIV. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  fruit. 


i  ! 


9 


RIVER  HAWTHORN. 

CRATAEGUS  RivuLARis,  foliis  ovatis  vel  ohovatis,  obtusis 
acutisve  inciso-serratis  bast  atlenuatis  brevl-petiolatis;  co- 
rymbis  multifloris  glabris,  floribus  purvulis,  calycis  laci- 
niis  obhisi/s  brcvissimis  eglandulosis;  fructibus  nigris. — 
NuTT.  in  ToRREY  and  Gray,  Flor.  Amer.,  vol.  1,  p.  364. 

$.  CUNEATA,  spinis  brevibus,  foliis  cuneatis  obtusis,  incisis. 

Along  the  shady  borders  of  the  rivulets  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  we  observed  this  species  blended  with  the 
former,  becoming  equally  a  tree  and  producing  the  same 
kind  of  pleasant  dark  fruit.  It  was  also  observed  by 
Douglas  in  the  interior  of  Oregon,  where  we  likewise 
met  with  it.  It  is,  in  all  probability,  the  smoother,  sup- 
posed variety  of  C,  punctata,  mentioned  by  Hooker  in 
his  Flora. 

The  branches  are  reddish-brown,  the  leaves  nearly  as 
entire  as  those  of  the  Apple  tree,  except  in  /?.  where 
they  are  slightly  lobed;  beneath  very  smooth,  slightly 
pubescent  above,  acute  and  rather  sharply  serrate,  with 
long  spines.  The  peduncles  and  calyx  perfectly  smooth, 
the  segments  of  the  latter  mere  broad,  obtuse  dentures. 
The  flowers  are  white  and  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 
The  berries  are  also  black,  and  possess  nearly  the  same 
sweet  and  ratiier  insipid  taste  of  the  Common  Haw,  (C. 
oxyacantha.) 


VOL.  II. 


- 


\l 


« 


1; 


10 


LANCE-LEAVED  HAWTHORN. 

CRATiEGUS  ARBouEscENs,  inermis,foliis  Innceolatis  inciso- 
serratis  utrinqiie  acutis  ruriler  sublobatis  i/^/abris  suhtus 
ad  venis  pubcruUs,  corymbis  mullifloris,  culicibus  pilosis 
laciniis  subulatis  integris,  Jloribus  pcntagynis. 

Crat^gus  arbor eacena.  Elliott.  Sketch.,  vol.  1.  p.  550.  Torr. 
and  Gray,  Flor.  N.  Amer.,  vol.  1.  p.  466. 

According  to  Elliott  this  species  becomes  a  tree  of 
20  to  30  feet  in  height,  with  spreading  branches.  The 
fruit  is  globose,  quite  small  and  red.  Of  the  quality  of 
the  wood  nothing  is  yet  known;  but  nearly  all  the  ar- 
borescent species  are  of  slow  growth,  and  have  whitish 
close-grained,  very  hard,  and  durable  wood;  that  of  the 
Common  Hawthorn,  (C,  oxycanlha^)  is  tough,  and  in 
England  is  used  occasionally  for  axletrees  and  handles 
of  tools. 

The  Lance-leaved  Thorn  of  Mr.  Elliott  was  found  on 
the  borders  of  the  Ogeechee  river,  in  Georgia,  near  Fort 
Argyle,  and  near  New  Orleans,  and  in  Texas  by  Drum- 
mond  and  Berlandier.  It  is  without  armature.  The 
leaves  are  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  deeply  serrated, 
smooth  both  above  and  beneath,  except  some  small 
tufts  of  hairs  at  the  divisions  of  the  veins,  sometimes 
slightly  lobed  towards  the  summit,  (though  not  at  all 
in  our  specimen.)  The  flowers  are  small,  the  calyx 
hairy  at  the  base,  with  the  segments  small  and  subulate. 

To  show  the  great  age  to  which  the  Common  Haw- 
thorn attains,  Withering  states  of  the  variety  called 
the  Glastonbury  Thorn,  existing  in  his  time,  in  a  lane 
by  the  churchyard  of  the  abbey,  (1801,)  "It  appears  to 
be  a  very  old  tree.    An  old  woman  of  90  never  remem- 


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11 


bers  it  otherwise  than  as  it  now  appears.  It  blossoms 
twice  a  yecy,  the  winter  blossoms,  uch  are  almost  the 
size  of  a  sixpence,  appear  about  Christmas,  and  sooner, 
if  the  winter  be  severe.  These  produce  no  fruit."  The 
summer  flowers  bore  berries  containing  only  a  single 
seed,  which,  when  sown,  produced  plants  nowise  differing 
from  the  common  kind. 

The  Common  Hawthorn,  though  so  humble  in  the 
hedge-row,  beneath  the  cropping  of  the  shears,  when 
suflfered  to  grow  up  and  stand  alone,  attains  the  ordinary 
size  of  an  Apple-tree;  and,  occupying  the  village  green 
for  a  long  series  of  years,  it  becomes  connected  with  our 
earliest  recollections  of  the  joyful  arrival  of  spring— the 
old  Hawthorn,  again  white  with  its  fragrant  blossoms, 
and  their  Hilling  on  the  ground  like  a  shower  of  snow, 
marks  a  delightful  era  in  the  distant  reminiscences  of 
the  writer,  when  yet  the  simplest  boon  of  nature  gave 
delight.  With  these  pleasing  recollections  of  the  past, 
how  touching  and  graphic  are  those  beautiful  lines  of 
Goldsmith  descriptive  of  the  deserted  village. 

—"The  Hawthorn  bush,  with  seats  beneath  the  shade, 

For  talking  age  and  youthful  converse  made! 

How  often  have  I  bless'd  the  coming  day, 

When  toil  remitting  lent  its  turn  to  play; 

And  all  the  village  train  from  labour  free, 

Led  up  their  sports  beneath  the  spreading  tree." 


Plate  XLV. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  germ  and  styles. 


iRi' 


! 


'! 


4 


12 


NAKED  FLOWERED  HAWTHORN,  or  APPLE 

HAW. 

CRATAEGUS  AESTIVALIS,  subspinosa,  Jloribus  prsscocibus, 
J'oliis  oblongo-cuneiforviihus  vel  eltipticis  brevi-petiolatis 
apice  subsinuuto-dcntulis  angulatis  vel  inciso-crenatis 
rarius  trilobatis,  junioribus  lomenlosis,  demum  glabris, 
aubtus  ad  venif  pubescent ib us;  corymbis  3  ad  5-Jloris  gla- 
bris, eglandulosis;  sty  lis  4-5,  fructibus  maximis  globosis 
rttbris. 

Chat^ous  lestivalis.    Tourey  and  Gray,  Flor.  1.  p.  468. 

CHATiEGus  elliptica.     Elliott,  Sketch.  1.  p.  549. 

Chatjegus  opaca.  Hook  and  Arnott,  Conipan.  Botan.  Magaz., 
vol.  1.  p.  25. 

Mespilus  aestivalis.    Walter,  Flor.  Cuoliniara,  p.  148. 

This  is  another  arborescent  species  of  Hawthorn 
confined  to  the  southern  states  of  the  Union,  growing 
along  the  low  wet  banks  of  rivers  and  ponds,  from  South 
Carolina  and  Georgia  to  Florida;  it  grows  also  in 
Louisiana  and  Arkansas.  In  Florida  it  is  already  in 
flower  in  the  early  pait  of  the  month  of  March,  and 
presents  a  very  unusual  appearance,  as  yet  nearly  desti- 
tute of  leaves,  or  presenting  only  their  unfolding  silky 
buds.  The  flowers  are  nearly  as  large  as  apple  blos- 
soms, and  pure  white.  It  becomes  at  length  a  tree  of 
20  or  30  feet  in  height,  branching  from  the  base.  The 
leaves  are  elliptical  or  oblong  wedge-shaped,  on  the 
infertile  branches  often  obovate,  on  short  petioles, 
towards  the  summit  sinuately  toothed,  angled,  or  irregu- 
larly crenate,  rarely  3-lobed  or  cleft,  quite  whitely  tomen- 
tose  when  young  before  expansion,  at  length  glabrous, 
but  clothed  along  the  veins  beneath  with  a  brownish 
pubescence.    The  corymbs  are  3  to  5  flowered,  and 


NAKED  FLOWERED  H/^  vV'f HORN. 


smooth.  The  divisions  of  the  calyx  arc  short,  than 
lar,  smooth  and  without  glands;  the  styles  are  4  o  5. 
Tlie  fruit,  which  hecomes  red,  is  very  large  and  rot  .imI, 
ripening  in  May  or  June,  and  is  J  an  incli  or  J  oi  in 
inch  in  diameter,  juicy,  fragrant,  of  an  agreeable  sub- 
acid taste,  and  is  much  esteemed  for  tarts,  jellies,  and 
other  articles  of  the  dessert. 

Other  species  of  Hawthorn,  indigenous  to  the  United 
States,  might  be  adduced  as  attaining  the  size  of  trees 
from  10  to  25  feet  in  height,  but  as  we  have  little  or  no 
notice  of  their  use  and  economy,  we  shall  at  present 
omit  them. 


! 


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CHERRY    TREE. 

Natural  Order  RosACBiB,  {suh-ordcr  AMYODALEiE,  Jussicu.) 
Linnwan  Classification^  Icosandria,  Monooynia. 

CERASUS,  (JrssiEu.) 

Calyx  urccolatc-hemispherical;  the  border  5  cleft,  deciduous. 
Petals  spreading.  Stamens  1.5  to  30.  Ovary  glabrous,  with 
2  collateral  pendulous  ovules.  Drupe  globose,  fleshy,  desti- 
tute of  bloom;  the  nut  hard  and  bony,  mostly  globose  and 
even. 

Trees  or  shrubs  chiefly  of  the  temperate  parts  of  Europe  and 
North  America,  forming  several  natural  sections.  Leaves  ser- 
rated, deciduous  or  scmpcrvirent. 

§  I.  Flowers  corymbose  or  clustered.  Leaves  deciduous. 
True  Cherries. 

SOFT-LEAVED  CHERRY. 

CERASUS  MOLLIS,  foliis  oblongis  ovatisve  plerisque  obtusis 
serrulatis  subtus  tomentoso-pubescentibus,  corymbis  racetno- 
sis  5  ad  Q  floris  tomentosis,  laciniis  calycinis  obtusis  rejlexis 
tuba  pubescente  brevioribus,  drupa  ovoidea. 

Cerasus  mollis.  Douglas  in  Hooker.  Flor.  Bor.  Amer.,  vol. 
1.  p.  169.    Torre Y  and  Gray,  Flor.  N.  Amer.  1.  p.  410. 

This  species  of  Cherry,  growing  12  to  25  feet  high, 
is  confined  to  the  Oregon  Territory,  and  particularly  to 
the  borders  of  the  Oregon  River  and  its  tributaries  as 
far  as  its  sources.    We  met  with  it  in  thickets  on  hills, 


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I,  '•!.</,  /■  It  /^Hl/Z.y    I/,,  ,'/fy 


1'  II . 


SOFT-LEAVED  CHERRY. 


15 


near  the  Wahlamet,  flowering  about  the  month  of  May. 
The  young  branches  are  dark  grey  and  somewhat 
downy.  The  leaves  are  softly  downy  beneath,  on  short 
petioles,  oblong,  or  oblong-ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  some- 
times acute,  minutely  serrulate,  2  to  2^  inches  long,  by 
about  an  inch  in  width;  stipules  small  and  deeply  ciliate 
as  well  as  the  bractes.  Flowers  small  and  white,  the 
petals  rounded  and  concave.  Segments  of  the  calyx 
ovate,  short  and  obtuse.     Stigma  clavate,  petioles  and 


calyx    tomentose. 
pleasant. 


Fruit    ovate,    astringent    and    un- 


Plate  XLVI. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size  with  young  fruit,  a.  The  flower. 

Red  or  Northern' Cherry.  {Cerasus  Pennsylvanica. 
Tor.  and  Gray.  C.  horealis,  Mich,  and  Mich.  Sylva,  p. 
90.)  According  to  Macmin  of  West  Chester,  this  tree 
m  the  Beech  woods  of  Tioga  county,  Pennsylvania, 
attains  the  height  of  60  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  18 
inches. 


IG 


ii 


§  III.  Flowers  in  racemes,  axillary.  Leaves  semjjcrvircnl 
or  persistent. — Lauroceuasus.  Tourn.  Dccand.  Laurel 
Cherries, 

HOLLY  LEAVED  CHERRY. 

CERASUS  iLiciFOLiA,  foliis  lato-ovalibtis  subcordatis  brevi- 
pctiolatis  spinosa-sinuuto-dentatis  reticulatis  coriaceis  ni- 
tidis,  racemis  erectis  foUis  subsequantibus,  drupa  nigra 
ovoidea  acuminata. 

Ceuasus  ilicifolia.  Nutt.  in  Torr.  and  Gray.  FloraN.  Amer., 
vol.  1.  p.  411.  Hook  and  Arnott.  Bot.  Beechey,  Suppl.  p. 
340.  tab.  83. 

This  is  a  small  tree  of  Upper  California,  round  Sta. 
Barbara  attaining  the  height  of  12  to  20  feet,  and 
chiefly  affecting  dry  and  elevated  hill  sides  within  the 
mountain  range.  The  bark  is  grey  and  somewhat 
rough;  the  wood  is  reddish,  tough,  and  close-grained. 
The  leaves,  which  are  rigid,  shining  and  evergreen,  look 
entirely  like  those  of  the  Holly,  they  are  broadly  oval, 
pointed,  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  very  smooth 
and  shining  above  and  elegantly  reticulated,  often 
undulated,  and  with  sharp  pungent  serratures.  The 
racemes  of  flowers  are  erect,  somewhat  crowded;  the 
flowers  white  and  small,  on  short  pedicels,  the  petals 
rounded  and  short;  the  calyx  hemispherical,  with  short 
triangular  teeth.  The  stamens  seated  near  to  the  sum- 
mit of  the  calyx;  the  stigma  simple  and  obtuse. 

This  tree,  from  its  remarkable  and  elegant  appear- 
ance, is  well  worth  cultivating  as  an  ornament,  and  in 
its  qualities  ranks  with  the  true  Laurels.  The  frui^  is 
rather  large,  dark  purple,  bitter  and  astringent. 

Plate  XLVII. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  cherry,    b.  The  flower. 


:*-'> 


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HOLLY  LEAVED  CHEUllY. 


17 


The  Laurel,  (Pninus  iMiiro-Ccrasus,)  now  so  gene- 
rally cultivated  in  I'Airope,  was  brouf^lit  from  Asia 
Minor.  Lucullus,  after  conquering  the  king  of  Pontus, 
with  whom  the  Romans  had  warred  for  40  years,  among 
his  other  troi)hies,  brought  the  Cherry  from  the  fields 
of  Cerasonte,  and,  in  transplanting  it  into  Italy,  secured 
a  monument  of  his  triumph  far  more  durable  than  that 
which  the  senate  and  the  people  decreed  him.  The 
Laurel,  transplanted  at  first  from  Trebizond  to  Con- 
stantinople, had  not  so  brilliant  a  destiny;  an  envoy 
from  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  David  Ungnad,  avIiosc 
name  is  now  scarcely  known,  2G2  years  ago  brought  a 
living  plant  to  Clusius,  at  Vienna.  The  name  of  Dtttro- 
Cerasus  was  given  to  it  by  Belon,  who  had  seen  it  in 
its  native  country,  from  its  leaves  being  like  those  of 
the  Bay,  and  its  fruit  similar  to  cherries. 

The  leaves  atford  by  distillation  a  liquor  which  proves 
a  violent  poison  to  men  and  animals.  According  to 
Duhamel,  a  spoonful  of  this  water  given  to  a  dog,  killed 
him  instantaneously.  Various  experiments  and  acci- 
dents tend  to  confirm  the  fact  of  the  powerfully  poison- 
ous nature  of  Laurel  water.  Fontana  found  that  a 
single  drop  of  the  essential  oil  of  this  plant,  applied  to  a 
wound  on  a  dog,  proved  equally  as  fatal  as  the  venom 
of  the  viper,  and  was  attended  with  the  same  symptoms. 

The  emanations  from  the  Laurel,  being,  in  fact,  the 
diluted  but  volatile  prussic  or  hydrocyanic  acid,  are  not 
without  their  inconveniences,  for,  after  reposing  beneath 
its  shade  on  a  warm  day,  a  headache  and  tendency  to 
vomit  is  said  sometimes  to  occur.  Considerable  use 
was  formerly  made  of  Laurel-water  for  the  sake  of  the 
Bitter  Almond  flavour  which  it  communicates  to  vari- 
ous articles  of  the  dessert,  but  from  its  dangerous  effects 
it  is  now  but  little  used. 

The  eflfect  of  this  poison  is  so  extremely  rapid  and 

VOL.  II.  3 


II 


!;i 


;l''i: 


I'/'  i 


a 


I   1 


'    iJ 


'H 


18 


ALMOND  CHERRY. 


violent,  attacking  the  very  scat  of  vitality,  the  nervous 
aystcm,  that  no  remedies  have  any  time  to  operate.  In 
the  hand  of  the  skilful  physician,  however,  this  volatile 
poison  proves  sometimes  a  powerful  remedy. 

ALMOND  CHERRY,  {Ccrastis  Caroliniana,  Mich. 
Flor.,  vol.  1.  p.  285.  Wild  Orange  Tree,  Mich.  Sylva, 
vol.  2.  pi.  89.)  This  elegant  tree,  nearly  allied  to 
C.  Lusllanica,  appears  to  be  common  along  the  banks  of 
the  Mississippi  from  New  Orleans  to  Natchez.  It  is 
also  indigenous  to  South  Carolina,  Florida,  and  Ar- 
kansa.  It  forms  a  fine  evergreen  tree  40  to  50  feet 
high,  flowering  in  March  and  April.  The  leaves,  ac- 
cording to  Elliott,  are  very  poisonous,  frequently  destroy- 
ing cattle  that  are  tempted  to  browse  on  them  early  in 
the  spring.  It  is  known  to  the  French  inhabitants  of 
Louisiana  by  the  same  name  as  the  Laurel  of  Europe, 
Lmurier-Amand. 

The  fruit  of  thi^  species  is  a  small  black  bitter  cherry, 
with  very  little  pulp  and  a  shell  so  thin  as  to  crack 
between  the  fingers.  A  second,  (C.  occidentalism  and 
probably  a  third  species  of  this  section  from  St. 
Domingo,  in  the  collections  of  Poitcau,  has  the  same 
thin,  fragile  shell.  These  seem  to  form  a  separate  genus 
from  the  true  Cherries,  no  less  than  from  the  Laurels, 
and  may  be  called  Leptocarya,  in  consideration  of  the 
thin  and  fragile,  merely  cartilaginous  shell  of  the  drupe. 
In  this  respect  the  drupe  affords  a  much  more  import- 
ant distinction  than  that  which  exists  between  Prunus 
and  Cerasus. 


VOllS 

In 
latilc 


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ylva, 
d  to 
ks  of 
It  is 
Ar- 
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1,  ac- 
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its  of 
rope, 

lerry, 
crack 
)  and 
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same 
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iirels, 
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Irupe. 
iport- 
runus 


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PLUM    TREE. 


>   ii 


Natural  Order,  Rosacea,  {suborder  Amygdale^,  Juss.) 
LinncEan  Classification,  Icosandria,  Monogynia. 

PRUNUS,   (TOURNEFORT.) 

Calyx  urceolate-hemispherical,  the  border  5-cleft,  deciduous. 
Petals  spreading.  Stamens  15  to  30.  Ovary  glabrous,  with 
2  collateral  pendulous  ovules.  Drupe  ovate  or  oval,  fleshy, 
glabrous,  usually  covered  with  a  bloom;  nut  hard  and  bony, 
more  or  less  compressed,  acute  and  even,  the  margins  partly 
grooved. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  temperate  climates  in  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere with  the  leaves  serrated,  convolute  in  vernation  (or 
before  expansion.)  The  flowers  earlier  than  the  leaves,  with  the 
peJiueis  in  umbellate  clusters. 

WILD  PLUM. 


PRUNUS    AMERICANA,  arboresccns,    ramis   spinescentibus, 

foliis  ovato-oblongis  vel  obovatis  argute  serratis  acumina- 

tis  bast  cuneatis,  subtus  venosis  demum  glabris,  petiolis 

sub-biglandulosis,  umbellis  sessilibtis  paucijloris  (2-5),  fruc- 

tibus  ovalibus. 

P.  Americana.  Marshall.  Arbust.  p.  111.  Darlington.  Flora 
Cestr.  p.  287.  and  in  Annal.  Lyceum.  N.  York.,  vol,  3.  p.  87. 
t.  1.  Torrey  and  Gray.  Flor.  N.  Amer.  vol.  1.  p.  407. 

P.  NIGRA.  Aiton.  Kew.  (ed.  1.,)  vol.  2.  p.  165.  Bot.  Mag.  t. 
1117.  PuRSH.  Flor.  Am.  vol.  1.  p.  331.  Willd.  Sp.  pi.  vol. 
4.  p.  993. 


m 


fir' 


!!    ! 


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20 


WILD  PLUM. 


P.  HiEMALis.  Elliott,  Sk.,  vol.  1.  p.  542. 

Cehasus  nigba,  [Loisel.)  Seringe  in  Decand.  Prodr.,  vol.  2.  p. 
538.  Hook.  Flor.  Bor.  Amer.,  vol.  1.  p.  167. 

Few  plants  in  North  America  have  a  more  extensive 
range  than  this  species  of  Plum:  it  is  met  with  from  the 
Saskatchewan  towards  Hudson's  Bay,  and  through  all 
the  intermediate  country  to  Georgia,  Louisiana,  and 
Texas.  In  the  western  part  of  the  State  of  New  York 
it  is  very  common,  and,  in  some  instances,  (as  it  ap- 
peared to  me  in  1810,)  it  has  been  cultivated  by  the 
aborigines  around  their  dwellings  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  Chickasaw  Plum.  When  truly  wild,  it  seems  to 
affect  the  banks  of  streams  and  rich  bottom  lands.  In 
New  Jersey,  near  Franklia  furnace,  (Sussex  county,)  I 
have  observed  trees  20  to  30  feet  high,  and  with  trunks 
from  6  to  14  inches  in  diameter.  The  ordinary  height, 
however,  is  from  15  to  20  feet.  The  wood  is  hard  and 
of  a  reddish  colour,  like  that  of  the  Wild  Cherry, 
(Prunus  serotina.)  The  fruit,  when  mature,  which  is  in 
the  month  of  August,  is  from  \  an  inch  to  an  inch  in 
diameter,  in  some  instances  almost  wholly  yellow,  but 
commonly  vermilion  red  on  one  side,  wholly  red,  or  a 
mixture  of  both  colours,  and  in  all  the  varieties  covered 
more  or  less  with  a  very  evident  bloom.  When  ripe  it 
contains  a  very  sweet  thin  pulp,  with  the  disadvantage 
however  of  having  a  thick  bitterish  acerb  skin,  but  by 
cultivation  it  is  considerably  improved,  and  the  fruit  is 
sometimes,  as  Dr.  Darlington  remarks,  as  large  as  a 
common  Apricot.  In  Upper  Canada,  where  it  was 
formerly  cultivated,  I  have  seen  as  many  as  twelve  dis- 
tinct varieties  in  the  same  orchard.  It  is  also  free  from 
the  attacks  of  the  insects  which  have  proved  so  fatal 
to  nearly  all  the  cultivated  Plums. 

The  stem  spreads  out  into  a  roundish  head,  with 
many  rigid  and  somewhat  thorny  branches.  The  leaves 


WILD  PLUM. 


21 


are  oblong-ovate  and  sometimes  obo^ate,  almost  always 
narrowed  below,  with  a  distinct  abrupt  point  or  acumi- 
nation,  sharply  serrated,  strongly  veined,  and  more 
or  less  pubescent  beneath.  The  pedicels  are  smooth, 
2  to  5  together,  in  clusters.  Calyx  pubescent,  the 
segments  lance-linear,  serrulated  at  the  apex;  the  petals 
oval  or  obovate,  and  rounded. 

Plate  XLVIII. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size  in  fruit,    a.  A  cluster  of  flowers. 


1 1 


CRAB    APPLE. 

Natural  Order,  RosACEiE,  {siih-ordcr,  PoMEiE,  Juss.)  Lin- 
nman  Classification,  Icosandria,  Pentagynia. 

PYRUS,  (Linn.) 

Calyx  tub  3  urceolate,  adnate  to  the  fleshy  ovary,  from  which  it 
is  inseparable,  with  the  border  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  roundish, 
concave,  on  short  claws.  Styles  usually  5  or  less,  distinct  or 
conjoined  at  the  base.  Pome  (or  apple)  fleshy,  closed,  inter- 
nally 5-cellcd,  the  cells  cartilaginous  and  2-seeded.  The  seeds 
with  a  chartaceous  coat. 

Trees  or  shrubs  (in  the  present  section)  with  entire  or  pal- 
mately  lobed,  serrated  leaves.  Flowers  in  terminal  flattish  clus- 
ters or  corymbs.    Fruit  edible  when  not  too  acerb  or  astringent. 


RIVER  CRAB  APPLE. 

PYRUS  RivuLARis,  foliis  ovatis  acutis  indivisis  Junioribus 
trilobatis  incisis  argute  serratis  subtus  pubescent ibus, 
sty  lis  (3-4)  basi  coalitis  glabris,  fructibus  perparvis  sub- 
globosis  vix  umbilicatis,  /obis  calicinis  demura  deciduis. 

Pyrus  rivularis.  Dougljns  in  Hook.  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1.  p. 
303.  tab.  68.  Toruey  and  Gray,  Flora  N.  Amer.,  vol.  1.  p. 
471. 

Pyrus  diversifolia,  Bongard.  Veget.  Sitcha.  1.  c.  p.  133. 

This  elegant  species  of  Pyrus  is  common  throughout 
all  the  lower  or  maritime  portion  of  the  Oregon  terri- 
tory, and  it  uniformly  affects  the  shade  of  rich  alluvial 
forests  near  the  lesser  streams  and  ponds.    It  becomes 


I 
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RIVER  CRAB  APPLE. 


23 


a  tree  about  the  size  of  the  Siberian  Crab,  to  which  it 
has  a  close  affinity,  and  grows  from  15  to  25  feet  in 
height,  producing  a  iiard  wood,  capable  of  receiving  a 
high  pohsh,  and  is  employed  by  the  natives  for  making 
wedges.  The  fruit  grows  in  clusters,  and  is  small  and 
purple,  scarcely  the  size  of  a  cherry,  of  an  agreeable 
flavour,  like  that  of  some  of  our  Haws;  it  has  nothing  of 
the  acerbity  or  acidity  of  the  Common  Crab,  but  is 
sweetish  and  subacid  when  ripe.  The  natives  near  the 
sea  employ  it,  as  they  do  many  more  berries  of  the 
country,  for  food,  being  all  too  indolent  to  cultivate  the 
earth  for  any  purpose  whatever. 

It  extends,  in  all  probability,  from  Upper  California  to 
the  Russian  possessions  in  the  north,  as  far  as  the  lati- 
tude of  57°.  Menzies  appears  to  have  been  its  first  dis- 
coverer, on  what  was  then  vaguely  termed  the  North- 
West  coast. 

The  leaves,  which  appear  with  the  flowers,  are  ovate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  entire,  and  more  or  less  serrated,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  villous  in  the  bud,  at  length  nearly  smooth; 
the  later  produced  leaves  are  more  or  less  incisely 
lobed,  sometimes  distinctly  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe 
incise  and  sharply  serrated.  The  flowers  conspicuous, 
white  or  tinged  witl.  red,  in  terminal  corymbs,  with  the 
calyx  and  peduncles  villous,  or  tomentose,  at  other  times 
with  the  exterior  of  the  calyx  smooth.  The  petals  oval. 
The  germ  is  pear-shaped,  with  3  or  4  styles.  Apples 
very  small,  dark  purple,  almost  black  when  ripe,  and 
somewhat  translucent,  globose-ovoid,  scarcely  umbilicate 
at  base,  and  with  the  summit  naked,  the  calyx,  as  in  the 
Siberian  Crab,  being  deciduous.  Seeds,  like  those  of 
the  apple,  and  2  in  a  cell,  as  usual. 

I  think  it  probable  that  the  plants  with  "smooth 
pedicels  and  with  the  calyx  externally  smooth,"  ought  to 
constitute  a  distinct  variety,  which  may   be   termed 


21 


iUVKU  CIIAB  APPLE. 


1:l| 


Pyrtis  rivularis  ^,  Icvipcs,  in  these  the  pedicels  are  also 
glandular. 

What  this  plant  may  become  by  cultivation,  cannot 
yet  be  determined.  The  Siberian  Crab,  (now  so  orna- 
mentiil  and  generally  cultivated,)  which  also  afltcts  the 
alluvial  borders  of  streams  and  rivers,  round  Lake 
Baikal,  and  in  Daouria,  according  to  Pallas,  in  its  native 
soil,  it  only  attains  the  height  of  3  or  4  feet,  with  a  trunk 
about  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm,  and  full  of  tortuous 
branches.  The  berries,  also,  in  Pallas'  figure,  (Flora 
Rossica,  vol.  1.  tab.  10.)  are  not  so  large  as  ordinary 
peas,  and  pyriform  or  attenuate  at  the  base  like  a  pear. 
All  this  tribe  of  plants,  so  eminently  serviceable  both 
for  ornament  and  use,  deserve  cultivation  in  a  pre- 
eminent degree,  and  the  present  species  has  also  the 
advantage  of  being  perfectly  hardy  in  all  temperate  and 
even  cold  climates,  as  it  stretches  along  the  coast  nearly 
to  the  vicinity  of  eastern  Siberia. 

AH  the  plants  of  this  section  of  Pyrus  are  natives  of 
temperate  Europe  and  northern  Asia. 


Plate  XLIX. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  apple. 


Narrow  Leaved  Crab  Apple,  (Pyrus  angustifolia^ 
AiTON.)  This  appears  to  be  scarcely  more  than  a 
variety  of  the  Pyrus  coronaria;  distinguishable  indeed  by 
its  narrower  leaves,  usually  entire,  which  are  often  acute 
below,  but  as  the  styles  are  neither  perfectly  di::tinct 
nor  constantly  glabrous,  and  that  the  young  leaves  are 
also  pubescent,  no  sufficient  distinction  remains.  The 
fruit  is  likewise  wholly  similar. 


Iso 

not 
na- 
the 
•ike 
tive 
Link 

0U3 

ora 
ary 
oar. 
)oth 
pre- 
the 
and 
arly 

s  of 


n  a 
dby 
cute 
tinct 
!  are 
The 


I'll.. 


► 


► 


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t'^ 


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fti<  /••»/.  />fiihi/fi 


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\  ,  n 


.  -<  {. 


;    .v?»;>  7/ 


\\)i.iM(    •  \ 


•'  I    '•'•     \-\\)  V    •       \.K,     •'  J. 


■I.         I. 


Mi:iii.  ■, N  N.  /■  ,  ■... 


...  ,  I-:. 


i4li(  -^    ■\V(  i'i'  MV    .. 


'      I 


'I'll;:  Muinit;in;  A-,)).<i!   i\.    ;,(    i'r  ••:  of  Vnrfli  AuKri   ;■. 

••      '     ^^  •■'''■'     ^[Ki>l  \;;_\,      m     Si(il(i\     :\  •   !.!     ^^    •    (i/v     (.1    n.-.l!!" 
.•'•!>'::    sifl!,l.  ii)|;:.,    'I'ii.il     TliMMdu^     ..(t.i.    i..|i    '  •  ft ':  ii-   ,i<!,, 
L^flOlU     'll.      N.u     rt!</i,ii!j:   Si,.      N  ,  V     \.-i,      !».   f, 
.    V  iMiii.  :!l!  '  !  viC  V.if'.i  M    ...;  ..1  •;;;■,  ;,t  ii  :j      ;■*  i '!i  i'  '«'  r-  ■    ^ 
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a-  !;n;i, 
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V- 


MOUNTAIN    ASH. 


§  III.  Leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifid;  styles  2  to  5,  distinct; 
pome  globose  or  turbinate;  pulpy.  Sorbus.  Linn. 

AMERICAN  MOUNTAIN  ASH. 

PYRUS  AMERICANA,  foliis  plnnalis  glabris,  foliolis  ohlongo- 
tanccolatis  acuminatis  inciso-serratis,  serraturis  setaceo- 
rnucronalis,  cyniis  compositis  multijloris,  fructibus  globo- 
sis. — Decand.  Prod.,  vol.  2.  p.  637.  Torrev  and  Gray. 
Flor.  N.  Amer.,  vol.  1.  p.  472. 

Sorbus  Americana.  TVilld.Ennm.,vo\.  1.  p.  520.  Pursh.  Flor. 
vol.  1.  p.  341. 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  /3.  3Iich.  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1.  p.  290. 

The  Mountain  Ash,  or  Roan  Tree  of  North  America, 
is  met  with  sparingly  in  shady  moist  woods  in  moun- 
tainous situations,  from  Labrador  and  even  Greenland, 
throughout  the  New  England  States,  New  York,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  the  variety  microcarpa,  with  smaller  berries, 
extends  to  the  high  mountains  of  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina. 

It  forms  a  small  tree  of  great  beauty,  remarkable  for 
its  elegant  feathered  foliage,  in  May  and  June  clad  with 
its  white  and  fragrant  blossoms,  and  to  the  close  of  the 
year,  even  into  winter,  decorated  with  its  large  clusters 
of  bright  berries,  which  afford  a  favourite  repast  for 
thrushes  and  other  frugivorous  birds,  on  their  annual 

VOL.  II.  4 


It 


i'* 


i 


26 


AMERICAN  MOUNTAIN  ASH. 


round  to  more  genial  climates,  or  during  their  hybcrnal 
residence: — 

"Sanguineisquc  inculta  rubcnt  aviaria  baccis."     Virgil. 

The  Europoan  species,  which  difl'crs  very  little  from 
the  present,  becomes  in  the  North  of  England,  Scotland, 
and  Wales  a  tree  of  considerable  size,  so  as  occasionally 
to  be  sawn  into  planks  and  boards.  It  attains  the  height 
of  25  to  30  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  2  feet,  and  a  tree  in 
Scotland,  in  Forfarshire,  at  Old  Montrose,  65  years  old, 
is  50  feet  high,  with  a  diameter  of  2  feet  10  inches. 
The  wood  is  said  to  be  hard  and  durable,  fit  for  econo- 
mical purposes,  such  as  mill-work,  screws  for  presses, 
spokes  for  wheels,  &c.  In  ancient  times  it  was  also 
esteemed  for  bows  next  to  the  Yew.  The  berries  dried 
and  reduced  to  powder  have  even  been  made  into  bread, 
and  an  ardent  spirit  may  be  distilled  from  them  of  a  fine 
flavour,  but  in  small  quantity.  Though  acid  and  some- 
what astringent,  they  are  accounted  wholesome,  and, 
in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  are  often  eaten  when  per- 
fectly ripe;  in  the  cold  and  sterile  climate  of  Kamts- 
chatka,  according  to  Gmelin,  they  are  used  for  the  same 
purposes. 

The  tree  was  formerly  held  sacred,  and  in  the  North 
of  England  it  is  called  the  Witch-ITazcl.  In  Wales  it 
was  formerly  planted  in  the  church-yard  as  commonly 
as  the  Yew,  and  on  a  certain  day  of  the  year,  every 
body  religiously  wore  a  cross  made  of  the  wood  as  a 
charm  against  fascinations  and  evil  spirits! 

The  American  species,  scarcely  forms  so  large  a  tree 
as  that  of  Europe,  attaining  only  the  height  of  15  to  20 
feet,  and  the  leaves  are  very  smooth,  except  before  their 
complcio  expansion;  the  leaflets  are  about  from  13  to 
15,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminated,  with  sharp  and  deep 


AMERICAN  MOUNTAIN  ASH. 


27 


mucronate  serratures.  The  cymes  or  flower  clusters 
are  large  and  compound,  and  the  liuit,  like  that  of  the 
European  species,  is  of  a  hright  light  scarlet.  The 
berries  of  the  variety  microcarpa  are  also  of  the  same 
colour,  but  smaller.  The  seeds,  2  in  a  cell,  appear  to 
have  the  same  cartilaginous  coat  as  in  the  apple. 


Plate  L. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 
flower  enlarged. 


a.  A  cluster  of  flowers,     b.  A 


I 


l\ 


If 


'    I 


i.  ! 


CERCOCARPUS.t 


(HuMB.,  BoNPL.  and  Kunth.) 

Natural  Ordcr^  RosACEiE,  ( Jiiss.)  (Sub-tribe  Ccrcocarpcw.) 
Linnssan  Classification,  Icosandria,  Monogynia. 

Tube  of  the  cah/x  cylindrical,  elongated,  the  lower  part  persist- 
ent, the  border  hemispherical,  5-lobed,  deciduous.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  many,  seated  on  the  border  of  the  calyx. 
Ovary  solitary;  style  terminal,  filiform  and  villous.  Jiche- 
nium  narrow,  coriaceous,  caudate  with  the  long  persistent  and 
enlarging  plumose  style.     Seed  linear. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  straight-veined,  coriaceous, 
serrate  or  entire  leaves  on  short  petioles.  Stipules  small,  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Flowers  small,  white,  axillary  or  ter- 
minating short  branchlets,  mostly  clustered. 

FEATHER  BUSH. 

CERCOCARPUS  ledifolius,  foliis  crefjris  percnnantibus 
lanceolatis  integris  demnm  glatyris  subtits  tomentosis 
margine  revolutis;  floribtis  sessillbus  paucis  fasciculatis; 
Cauda  carpeloriim  longissimnm  tortuosnm. — Nuttal*.  in 
ToRREY  and  Gray,  Flor.  Am.  1.  p.  427.  Hooker  ic.  pi.  tab. 
324.  (ined.) 

We  first  observed  this  curious  small  tree  in  the  Rocky 
Mountain  range,  on  the  lofty  hills  of  Bear  River  of 
Timpanagos,  near  the  celebrated  "Beer  Springs"  which 

t  The  name  derived  from  wf^oc  a  tail,  and  nsfToc  a  fruit,  in  refer- 
ence to  the  character  of  the  fruit. 


,* 


;.>. 


J.  #j-i       if*- 


.,  C-n.  i>. 


..# 


m  V 


;^^ 


■ji-.NcM^ 


1 


%«i.. 


*!*-, 


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:#: 


'..l-l^'^^ 


>SSiT 


■sir 


'^^ 


I'll  1 1 1 i  I. 


'ii-ii>tij 


I 


I'll 


!.(i 


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I   V  f,      J..-.;.,  .  •      ,.;;i.;    Ivi   >  ■  ■!.! 


■■■  / .  I  .•  iN.i'  y.  ( 


'.^i~,'.}  ;'-iih-;riiu"  <  '■>' ^--./y/r '•.) 


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■•\  i  I. 


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'11  11  :  ( 


A. 


'!''  <;  !;^■^■    i;:  ■  t  ■  ik\' 


■     ■  .'i  ■■ti.-ln  :)•   ■ 

\  :~  \\k\'-  n  1    ii     ir.     Ill,    l;i' 


'(;(iil!aii!     J.Hlir'-.    oil      \\\k-      '■■>\\\     lifii-:     ■■■         -  ■  I,      \\"vT    /il' 
:  •    -i!*;;!;^'!?;.  ir'.ir  iji'.    (•(■ir'K  ;il!'H    "I'    ■        •■.■■■;;.  <  lui'i) 


ir  fv-i  -r 


I'll,!. 


I 


Aim  Tf.-i»,'Ai/<i' 
/■ut///,r/>'/tf// 


^^^ 

'  / 

^'"      /' 

ir^    / 

^„/ 

5S^ 

(i'rnii;u|iiis  liMlirdliiis 


■"fin.  iMfs  /.M  /^/u/ii 


/)///.'.-;  // ,/  '//u, 


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4 


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r  i 


II 


FEATHER  BUSH. 


39 


abound  witli  carbonic  acid.  Wc  saw  it  afterwards  in 
the  central  chain,  on  either  side  Thornberg's  ravine, 
towards  the  summits  of  the  highest  ridges,  to  which,  by 
its  enduring  and  dark  verdure,  it  contributed  to  give  a 
wild  and  gloomy  robing,  contrasted  by  the  glittering 
white  of  the  impending  cliffs  of  gneiss  near  which  it 
grew.  On  the  summits  of  the  IJeer  Spring  hills  it  form- 
ed extensive  thickets,  each  tree  spreading  out  many 
branches  at  a  few  feet  from  the  ground  >\ith  consider- 
able regularity,  almost  in  the  manner  of  a  Peach  tree. 
The  stem  was  in  some  trees  about  a  foot  in  diameter, 
and  the  greatest  height  of  the  plant  did  not  exceed  15 
feet.  It  had  much  the  appearance  of  a  stunted  Olive 
tree,  and  was  bitterish  to  the  taste. 

The  wood  is  hard,  tough,  whitish,  and  very  close- 
grained,  somewhat  resembling  that  of  the  Birch.  It 
appeared  to  be  of  slow  growth  and  sempervirent;  the  bark 
smooth  and  whitish,  the  branchlets  full  of  circular  cica- 
trices, and  the  leaves  clustered  at  the  extremities  of  the 
twigs.  The  leaves  are  at  length  nearly  smooth,  at  first 
hairy,  with  a  short  pubescence,  beneath  always  softly 
villous,  with  brownish  curled  hairs;  their  form  is  lanceo- 
late, about  li  inches  long,  and  3  or  4  lines  wide,  the 
border  entire  and  revolute;  beneath  the  hairs  on  the 
under  side  wc  see  the  usual  straight  nerves.  The  older 
leaves  and  other  parts  of  the  plant  exude  in  small  quan- 
tities an  aromatic  resin,  having  the  scent  of  that  found 
on  some  species  of  Birch  (or  Bclula).  The  flowers  are 
small  and  white,  produced  at  the  extremities  of  the  twigs, 
and  are  succeeded  by  the  fruit,  which  forms  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  and  singular  characters  of  the  genus; 
these  have  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  seeds  of  the 
Geranium,  each  small  cylindric  carpel  sending  out  a 
long  plumose,  tortuous  tail,  nearly  two  inches  in  length, 
covered  with  yellowish-white  silky  hairs,  which  appear- 


'  :.i 


IP 


30 


FEATHER  BUSH. 


ing  simultaneously  all  over  the  busli,  gives  it  a  most 
remarkable  and  uncommon  appearance.  It  seemed  to 
prefer  poor  dry  soils,  and  would  bear  the  climate  of 
Europe  or  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States  very 
well  from  the  alpine  situations  in  which  wo  uniformly 
saw  it.  It  is  somewhat  astringent  to  the  taste,  and 
agreeably,  though  not  powerfully  aromatic. 

Plate  LI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size  with  its  fruit,    a.  Tlie  flower. 
b.  The  fruit. 


i*  if 


3t 

;o 

■y 

ly 

id 


I. 
i  ■ 


I 


i 


T. 


I   ^1 


II 


''    ,11' 


I 


t 


\w  " 


IMI.II. 


jt>iuir  /•>tm'^  ii/t. 


Jiitnau'u  i9<y*v<'</ 


hscidia  en'lhi'ina. 


T.tiiii/iitr.tlifli  ni/it 


BomfruHiJ*  iitJam<iii^iu 


n 


'iiir.tlifk  PJti/(t 


laJitnuiu^M 


\'0(»  l> 


1    ><f>-  '('..V, 


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'.:  '  'I ,   I. : : 


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'4l  ,l,'/"l,'  /'- 


WEST    INDIA   DOGWOOD. 

Natural  Order,  Leguminos^e.     Linnxan  Classification, 

DiADELPHIA,  DeCANDRIA. 

PISCIDIA,t  (Linn.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-toot!iccl.  Corolla  papilionaceous,  with  the 
keel  obtuse.  Stamens  monadelphous,  with  the  10th  free  at 
the  base.  Style  filiform,  glabrous.  Lequme  pedicellated, 
linear,  with  4  broad  longitudinal  wings,  the  seeds  separated 
by  interruptions  in  the  pod.  The  seeds  oval  and  compressed, 
with  a  lateral  hylum;  embryo  curved;  cotyledones  tbick  and 
elliptic;  the  radicle  inflected. — West  India  trees  with  decidu- 
ous, unequally  pinnated  leaves,  produced  after  the  develope- 
ment  of  the  flowers. 

JAMAICA  DOGWOOD. 

PISCIDIA    Erythkina,  foliolis    ovatis,    leguminis    stipite 

calycc  rmilto  longiore,  alls  intemiptis. 
Piscidia  Erythrina.  Linn.  Sp.  pi.  Jacq.  Amer.  p.  206.  Swartz, 

Obs.  p.  277.  Macfadyen,  Flora  of  Jamaica,  vol.  1.  p.  258. 
Ichthyomethia  foliis  jjinnatis  ovatis,  racemis  terminalibtiSy 

siliquis  quadrialatis.   Bkownk,  Jamaica,  p.  296. 
Coral  arbor  poly phylht  non  spinosa ,  finixim  folio,  siliqua  alls 
fotiaceis  cxstantibus  rotas  molendinarise  Jluviatilis  aucta. 

Sloane,  Jam.,  vol.  2.  p.   32.  tab.  176.  fig.  4,  5.    Lamarck, 

Illust.,  tab.  605.  fig.  A. 
Pseudo-acacia,  siliquis  alatis.  Plumier,  Icon.  229.  tab.  233. 

f.  2. 

The  Jamaica  Dogwood  is  a  native  of  the  Antilles  as 


I-. 


I   ■ 


t  The  name  from  piscis,  a  (ish,  in  allusion  to  its  employment 
as  a  fish  poison. 


n  .5. 


32 


JAMAICA  DOGWOOD. 


ij 


well  as  of  the  neighbouring  continent  of  America, 
having  been  observed  by  Humboldt  and  Bonpland  in 
mountainous  places  in  New  Spain,  between  Acapulco 
and  Mazatlan,  and  we  have  now  to  record  it  as  a  native 
of  Key  West,  in  East  Florida,  where  it  was  collected  by 
Dr.  Blodgett.  It  becomes  a  tree  of  about  20  to  25  feet 
in  height,  not  remarkable  for  the  elegance  of  its  form, 
the  branches  being  straggling,  but  yet  beautiful  in  the 
season  of  floM'ering,  which  is  about  April,  when,  with 
blossoms  similar  to  our  favourite  White  Locust,  {Rohinia 
pseudo-acacia,)  the  whole  summit  of  the  tree  is  profusely 
loaded;  they  come  out  some  time  before  the  leaves,  in 
numerous  panicles  or  spreading  clusters,  of  a  whitish 
colour,  mixed  with  purple;  the  uppermost  petal  or  vexil- 
lum  in  the  centre  tinged  with  green.  The  vexillum, 
externaiiy,  as  well  as  the  calyx,  is  covered  with  a  silky 
pubescence.  The  leaves  are  unequally  pinnate,  with 
about  5  leaflets,  which  are  either  broad  ovate  or  obo- 
vate,  and  slightly  acuminate,  entire,  and  beneath,  as 
well  a-  the  footstalk,  more  or  less  pubescent,  particularly 
when  young.  The  pod  is  large,  stipitatc  and  villous, 
with  four  broad  undulated  loniritudinal  winijs. 

In  Jamaica  this  is  esteemed  one  of  the  best  timber 
trees  in  the  island;  the  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  and  resi- 
nous, coarse,  cross-grained,  and  of  a  light  brown  colour; 
it  is  \>'Yy  durable  either  in  or  out  of  water.  It  makes 
excellent  piles  for  wharves;  and  the  stakes  soon  form, 
in  the  tropical  countries  it  inhabits,  a  good  live  fence. 
The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  very  astringent:  it  cures  the 
mange  in  dogs,  and  would  probably  answer  well  for  the 
tanning  of  leather:  it  is  best  known,  however,  for  its 
effects  as  a  fish-poison,  for  w  Inch  purpose  it  is  pounded 
and  mixed  with  the  water  in  some  deej)  part  of  a  river 
or  creek,  when  tlie  water  soon  acquires  a  reddish  shade, 
and  in  a  few  minutes  the  fish  begin  to  rise  to  the  sur- 


I 


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('  I ! ; 


^.>- 


JAMAICA  DOGWOOD. 


33 


face,  where  they  float,  as  if  they  were  dead,  the  larger 
ones,  however,  recover,  but  the  smaller  fry  are  destroy- 
ed. The  tincture  of  the  bark,  indeed,  is  found  to  be  an 
intense  narcotic,  and  has  been  employed  beneficially  to 
relieve  the  pain  produced  by  carious  teeth.  Jacquin 
observes  that  this  quality  of  intoxicating  fish  is  found  in 
many  other  American  plants.  Tephrosia  toxicaria  of 
South  America  and  T.  piscatoria  of  India  and  the  South 
Sea  Islands,  both  plants  of  the  same  family  with  the 
present,  likewise  possess  the  faculty  of  intoxicating  fish. 

Plate  LII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  flowers  and  young  pods. 
b.  The  more  perfect  pod. 


3  :f 


VOL.  II. 


5 


■^ 


A  C  A  C  I  A  .t 

(Necker,  Willd.) 


Natural  Order,  Leguminos^e.     Linnman  Classification^ 

POLYGAMIA,  M0N(ECIA. 

Flowers  POLYGAMOUS,  perfect  and  staminiferous. — Calyx  4  to  5- 
toothed.  Petals  4  to  5,  distinct  or  united  into  a  monopctalous 
4  to  5-cleft  corolla.  Stamens  from  S  or  10  to  200.  Legume 
without  interruptions  between  the  seeds,  dry,  (without  pulp,) 
and  1-valved. 

These  are  trees  and  shrubs  principally  of  warm  or  mild  cli- 
mates, with  or  without  stipular  or  scattered  spines.  The  leaves 
are  usually  small  and  variously  pinnated,  sometimes  (particularly 
in  the  New  Holland  species)  the  true  leaves  in  the  idult  are 
abortive,  and  the  simple  leafy  petioles,  called  phyllode;',  alone 
supply  their  place.  Flowers  often  yellow,  more  rarely  white  or 
red,  disposed  in  spherical  heads  or  in  spikes. 

BROAD-PODDED  ACACIA. 

ACACIA  LATisiLiQUA,  inevmis  glabra,  piunis  5-jiigis,foUolis 
\0-\5-jugis  ellipticis  nbtusis,stipulis  bracteiformibiis  dimi- 
diato-cordatis,  capitulis  pcdiuiculatis  agg7'egatis  in  pani- 
culam  terminalem  sutyd'ispositis,  legumine  longe  stipitata, 
plana,  utrinqne  acuta. — Decand.  Prod.,  vol.  2.  p.  467. 

Acacia  latisiliqita,  incrmis,  foliis  hipinnulis  piartial'.bus 
quinquejugis,  raniis  Jlcxuosis,  gemmis  globosis.   I^inn  Sp. 

t  An  ancient  Greek  name,  from  «x:t^a.,  tu  point,  or  sharpen, 
many  of  the  species  being  thorny. 


1    ■!' 


t  'A 


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BIIOAU-PODDED  ACACIA. 


.-if) 


PI.    Persoon.  Synopa.,  vol.  2.  p.  2G5.    Willd.  Sp.,  vol.  4.  p. 
1067.    Mackadvkn,  Flor.  .Tain.,  vol.  1.  p.  .'318. 
Acucia   non   .yiinosa,   silUjiiis   Idtis  cuinprcsnis,   Jlure   alho, 
Plumier,  (Ed.  liiirm.)  tab.  6. 

This  species,  like  many  others  of  the  genus,  remark- 
able by  its  light  waving  feather-like  foliage,  is,  according 
to  Dr.  Blodgett,  rare  at  Key  West,  where  it  becomes  a 
very  large  and  spreading  tree,  flowering  in  the  month  of 
May.  It  is  also  a  native  of  the  West  Indies  and  the 
warmer  parts  of  the  neighbouring  continent,  where  it 
was  found  by  Plumier  and  Aublet.  According  to  Mac- 
fadyen,  it  is  a  cultivated  plant  in  Jamaica.  It  bears  a 
great  resemblance  to  the  Acacia  figured  by  Catesby,  tab. 
42,  which  is  quoted  as  A.  ixlaum,  though  by  no  means 
the  same  plant  as  plate  3G  of  Trew,  which  latter  is  the 
species  most  commonly  cultivated  under  that  name. 

The  wood  of  this  Acacia  is  said  to  be  white,  hard, 
and  close-grained.  The  trunk,  as  described  by  Catesby, 
attains  a  diameter  of  three  feet,  and  is  accounted  an 
excellent  wood,  next  to  the  mahogany  of  Jamaica,  and 
is  the  best  to  be  found  in  the  Bahama  islands.  For 
curious  cabinet  work  it  excels  mahogany  in  its  variable 
shining  tints,  which  appear  like  wa  jred  satin.  Several 
species  of  the  genus  afford  very'  ^rd  and  durable  wood. 

The  small  branches  in  this  species  are  grey,  slender, 
and  somewhat  zigzag.  The  leaves  are  bipinnate,  on 
main  petioles,  a  little  more  than  an  inch  long;  between 
the  first  pair  of  pinnules,  is  usually  seen  on  the  petiole 
a  projecting  though  sometimes  merely  a  depressed  gland, 
the  next  pairs  are  without  glands  to  the  summit  of  the 
leafstalk,  where  there  is  then  another  depressed  gland. 
The  pinnules  vary  in  our  plant  from  2  to  4  pair,  (we 
have  not  seen  5.)  The  leaflets  of  the  pinnule  are  oblong- 
elliptic,  nearly  smooth,  obtuse,  somewhat  oblique,  and 
rounded  at  base,  in  from  8  to  15  or  16  pairs.    From  the 


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BROAD-PODDED  ACACIA. 


axills  of  the  2  or  3  uppermost  leaves  come  out  simple 
or  aggregated  peduncles,  usually  by  3's,  above,  running 
together  so  as  to  form  a  small  sparse  flowered  panicle, 
with  each  of  the  clusters  subtended  by  rather  large 
deciduous,  amplexicaule,  semicordate  and  acuminate 
smooth  bractes,  which  resemble  stipules.  The  flowers 
are  disposed  in  spherical,  rather  small  heads,  on  pedun- 
cles about  i  of  an  inch  long;  they  appear  white  from 
the  colour  of  the  long  tortuous  hair-like  stamens.  The 
calyx  is  canescent,  with  a  close  pubescence,  and  5-cleft 
at  the  summit.  The  corolla  is  deeply  5-parted,  and  of 
a  purplish-brown,  with  oblong-lanceolate  divisions.  The 
stamens  are  10  or  more,  with  very  long  filaments,  and 
very  small  whitish  rounded  anthers.  The  legume,  (ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Blodgett,)  is  4  or  5  inches  long,  flat,  thin, 
many-seeded,  and  an  inch  or  more  in  breadth. 


Plate  LIII. 

A  small  branch  of  the  natural  size, 
enlarged. 


a.  The  flower  somewhat 


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(Plumier,  Wii.ld.) 
Natural  Order^  LEGUMiNOSiE.     Linnaan  Classification^ 

POLYGAMIA,  MoN(ECIA. 


Flowers  polygamous,  perfect,  and  male. — Calyx  5-toothed. 
Corolla  monopetalous,  tubular-funnel-formed,  exceeding  the 
calyx  in  length,  with  the  border  regular  and  4  or  5-cleft. 
Stamina  numerous,  exserted,  (10  to  200,)  with  the  capillary 
filaments  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube.  Legume  broadly 
linear,  compressed,  1 -celled.  Seeds  usuallj  covered  with 
pulp,  more  rarely  with  a  pellicle  or  with  farinaceous  matter. 

Shrubs  or  trees  of  warm  or  tropical  climates,  chiefly  indigenous 
to  India  and  America,  usually  unarmed.  Flowers  in  spikes  or 
globular  heads,  red  or  white,  rarely  yellow. 

BLUNT  LEAVED  INGA. 

INGA  Unguis-cati,:|:  spinis  stipularibus  rectis,  foliis  conju- 
gato-geminatis,foliolis  subrotundo-ellipticis  subdimidiatis 
membranaceis  glabrts,  glandula  in  dichotomia  petioli 
glabri  et  inter  foliola,  florum  capitulis  globosis  in  race- 
mum  terminalem,  dispositis,  legumine  torto. — Decand. 
Prod.,  vol.  2.  p.  436. 

•f  An  American  name  adopted  by  Plumier. 

X  The  specific  name  of  unguis-cati,  alludes  to  the  short  and 
rather  concealed  thorns  with  which  this  tree  is  provided.  Browne 
calls  it  the  black-bead  shrub,  and  from  others  in  Jamaica,  accord- 
ing to  Macfadyen,  it  receives  the  names  of  Barbary-thorn  and 
Nephritic  tree. 


li 


38 


BLUNT  LEAVED  INGA. 


Mimosa  Unguis-cati.  Linn.  Spec.  A99.  Willd.  Sp.  pi.,  vol. 
4.  p.  1006.  Jacquin,  Hort.  Schocnbrunn,  vol.  2.  tab.  34. 
Descoukt.  Flor.  Aiitil.,  vol.  1.  tab.  11.  Swartz,  Obs.  p. 
389.     Macfadven,  PMor.  Jam.,  vol.  1.  p.  306. 

»ficacia  quadrifolia,  siliquis  circinnatis.  Plumier,  (Ed.  Bur- 
man,)  Icon.  4.   Pluken.,  tab.  1.  fig.  6. 

Acacia  arborea  major  spinosa, pinnis  qtiatuor,  siliquis  varie 
intortis.  Sloane,  Hist.  Jam.,  vol.  2.  p.  56. 

Mimosa  fni/icosa,  foliis  ovutis  binato-binatis,  seminibus 
atro-nilentibiis.  Browne,  Jamaic,  p.  252. 


This  very  singular  leaved  tree.,  attaining  about  the 
height  of  from  10  to  20  feet,  is  indigenous  to  many  of 
the  West  India  Islands,  as  well  as  to  Cumana  and 
Cayenne  on  the  neighbouring  continent,  where  it  was 
observed  by  Humboldt  and  Bonpland,  and  in  the  latter 
place  by  Aublet.  This  is  also  another  of  the  Caribbean 
productions  which  extends  to  the  limits  of  the  United 
States,  having  been  recently  found  in  Key  West  by  our 
friend  Dr.  Blodgett. 

The  wood  is  said  to  be  yellow,  the  summit  of  the  tree 
irregular,  and  the  branches  straggling.  The  smaller 
twigs  are  round  and  gray,  inclining  to  brown,  and 
covered  with  minute  warts.  The  thorns  are  stipular, 
or  come  out  at  the  junction  of  the  leaf  with  the  stem; 
they  vary  in  size,  but  are  always  short,  and  in  some  of 
the  twigs  wholly  absent.  The  leaves  are  bipinnate, 
only  4  in  number,  the  leaflets  on  each  pinule  being  only 
a  single  pair,  sessile,  obovate,  very  obtuse  or  subemargi- 
nate  and  rounded  above,  glabrous  and  of  a  thin  texture, 
with  widely  reticulated  nerves;  the  petiole  channelled 
above,  with  a  hollow  circular  gland  at  the  junction  of 
the  secondary  petioles.  Racemes  terminal,  thyrsoid, 
the  pedicels  long  and  fastigiate,  almost  like  a  corymb. 
Flowers  greenish-yellow  and  smooth,  in  globose  heads. 
Calyx  small,  5-toothed.    Corolla  more  than  twice  the 


DLUNT  LEAVED  INCJA. 


39 


length  of  the  calyx,  5-cleft  towards  the  summit,  the  seg- 
ments acute.  Filaments  numerous,  slender  and  capillary, 
yellow,  three  times  the  length  of  the  corolla.  Legume 
torulose,  spirally  twisted,  of  a  reddish-purple  colour; 
seeds  5  or  6,  black,  shining,  roundish,  compressed,  half 
covered  with  a  white  fleshy  arillus-like  pellicle. 

This  plant  has  the  credit  of  being  a  sovereign  remedy 
for  nephritic  complaints,  for  the  stone  and  gravel,  and 
also  for  obstructions  of  the  liver.  The  bark  is  the  part 
employed,  and  Barham  states  (in  his  account  of  Jamaica, 
where  this  tree  grows)  that  in  his  time  it  was  in  such 
general  use,  that  it  was  rare  to  meet  with  a  tree  that 
had  not  been  barked.  The  decoction,  of  a  red  colour, 
is  very  astringent,  and  acts  as  a  diuretic.  It  has  also 
been  employed  externally  as  a  lotion  and  injection,  to 
remove  the  relaxation  of  the  parts.  Upon  the  whole,  it 
would  seem  to  be  entitled  to  the  notice  of  physicians, 
and  deserves  a  further  examination. 


Plate  LIV. 


U 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  flower  somewhat  en- 
larged. 


'rl 


ih 


40 


GUADALOUPE  INGA. 

INGA  Guadalupe Nsis,  incrmis,  foliis  conjtigalo-geminalis, 

/oliolis  obovatis  siibrhombeis  obtusis  venosis  gluberrimis, 

glundula  in  dichotomiu  petioli  glubri  et  inte^  foliola,  capi- 

tnlis  globosis  pedicellatis  racemosis,  leguminc  torto  glabra. 

Decand.  Prod.,  vol.  2.  p.  436. 

Mimosa  GuADALUPE^sIs,  foliis  bijiigix  f oliolis  ovalibtis,  obli- 
quis  subcoriaceis,  capitulis  corymbosis.  Persoon.  Synops., 
vol.  2.  p.  262. 

This  species  also  becomes  a  tree  of  12  to  20  feet 
elevation  at  Key  West,  according  to  the  observation  of 
the  same  gentleman  who  discovered  the  preceding.  The 
specimen  described  by  Persoon,  came  from  the  island 
of  Guadaloupe.  Decandolle  suspects  that  it  may  be  a 
mere  thornless  variety  of  the  preceding  species,  (/.  Un- 
gtiis-cati,)  but  from  numerous  specimens  which  we  have 
inspected  from  Florida,  there  can  remain  very  little 
doubt  of  its  distinction  as  a  peculiar  species. 

The  spines  appear  to  be  wholly  wanting,  the  bark  of 
the  branches  is  grey  and  rough  with  minute  warts.  The 
petioles  are  about  three  lines  long,  and  of  the  same 
length  with  the  partial  ones;  both  are  strongly  grooved 
and  distinctly  articulated.  The  leaves  are  smooth  and 
coriaceous,  shining  above,  dull  and  paler  beneath,  deli- 
cately and  reticulately  veined,  quite  opaque  from  their 
thickness,  cuneate-oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse, 
and  sometimes  rounded  at  the  apex,  at  other  times 
rather  acute  and  apiculatcd.  A  depressed  gland  at  the 
summit  of  the  petiole  between  the  stalks,  and  also  one 
less  distinct  between  the  pairs  of  leaflets.  The  flowers 
are  axillary  and  long  pedunculate;  they  likewise  termi- 


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!  it''i>i':  ''till':  fn!ii-i    ^liil>'-i  ■      ii,i,>-  j'l/u!'"    i.'ni- 

■■■  'lo.i..  ',■)'■.  ■^  |.    T  ;-. 

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rov'ncf' ■'!>-,  shnjiji;^  al:ovt\  auu  ;uul  priicr  liriusiLX  (.ii'lj- 
rad-!)'  an>t  it'll.  ;il,;1i:;ly  \- iiM.'il.  -jUi!''  uI'IkjiH'  iV'tm  rial; 
ihtcklit'hs.  r;im;;i.lO-'i*i'>'!ii';  or  linUToi;iL..,-:iI)i.  .'i  ,.  .>!)1i..-f-j 
■'■ul  '(UH'tijisi' •  \jUSi(ii;i!  ;»»  til')  :ij;v'\.  .i  f^Ti^  .  ''ft;(;H 
f.-ih^r  arntc  nn.i  njiiruMt- >'.  A  u<;>ii  ^  :■  !t  ;:!:' t  ■  ••  {.In; 
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Iiilju  Guadulupeiisi.s. 


///</./  <J<- /it  ('iut/t-/vu/)f 


GUADALOUPE  INflA. 


41 


nato  the  brandies  in  corymbose  riiccmcs.  The  beads 
of  (lowers  are  beniispberical,  and  appear  to  bave  been 
yellowisli-green.  Tbe  calyx  is  campnnulate,  with 
acute  and  very  distinct  tcctli;  the  corolla  is  mono- 
petalous,  more  widely  canipannlate  at  the  summit, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  with  acute  segments.  The 
pods  arc  dark  purplish-brown,  much  curved,  3  to  4 
inches  long,  about  J  an  inch  wide,  attenuated  at  the 
base,  torulose  and  irregularly  narrowed  between  the 
seeds,  but  not  intercepted  within.  The  seeds  are  deep 
black,  somcAvhat  compressed,  and  at  one  extremity  half 
covered  by  a  bright  rose-red  fleshy  and  lobed  arillus. 

Plate  LV. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    .'/.  The  ripe  pod.    b.  The  seed. 


VOL.  n. 


G 


!■  ' 


H 


I 


III 


t 


i 


S  C  II  iE  F  F  E  11  A .  1 


(Jacqi'In.) 
Natural  Order,  Celahtrink.  r,  t     Linniran  Classijication, 

DllKCIA,  TkTRANDRIA. 

Diffifious. — C(f/i/,r  small,  l-pnrlod,  j)orsistcnt.  Petals  \,  altor- 
iiiilinu;  with  the  sepals.  Stamina  I,  opposite  to  the  petals. 
Orariimi  iJ-celled.  S'/i<fNia.\'  2.  Jierfjj  dry,  hipiirlite,  cells 
1-seedrd.  Seed  creel,  plano-convex;  albumen  fleshy;  cmftrj/o 
central,  straight  and  flat. 

Trees  of  tropical  America  with  alternate,  entire,  coriaceous 
leaves;  stipules  none;  flowers  several,  axillary,  small  and  pedi- 
ccllated,  white  or  green. 

JAMAICA  BOX-WOOD. 

SCIIyKFFEUA  jjuxifolia,  fotiis  lanccolato-ovatis  basi  al- 

tenaatifi ])/eris(juc  uculis  ruinaliaqac  glaljris, pctulis  viridin 

obtusis. 
ScHAiFFKKiA  FUUTESCKNS,  /2.  buxifulhi,  foliis  latius  ovatis  mu- 

cronatis.    Decand.  Prod.,  vol.  2.  p.  11.     Lam.  Illusl.  t.  809. 
Duxi  foliu  majore.  acuininatu,  arlxjr  baccifer(i,fruvta  vtinnrt 

croceo  dijii/reuo.     Sloane,  Hist.  Jamaica,  vol.  2.  p.  lOSi.  tab. 

209.  fig.  1. 

According  to  Dr.  IJlodgctt,  this  plant,  common  at 
Key  West  and  on  tlic  adjoining  keys  of  East  Florida, 
becomes  a  tree  of  30  feet  in  height,  and  is  an  article  of 

t  Named  in  honour  of  James  Christian  SchaiU'er,  of  Rutisbon, 
author  of  several  liotanical  works. 


1 


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XiMMra  •!  teu/Uf.'  Ji  iuu 


1 


JAMAICA  BOX-WOOD. 


43 


export  from  the  Bahama  islands,  where  it  is  valued  at 
about  40  dollars  the  ton.  From  Poitcau's  herbarium  it 
appears  to  grow  in  the  island  of  St.  Domingo;  it  is  also 
apparently  identic  with  the  Jamaica  plant  of  Sloane. 
The  wood  is  pale  yellow,  very  close  and  fine-grained, 
and  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  that  of  the  true  Box, 
which  name  it  bears  in  the  Bahamas. 

The  twigs  arc  slender  and  covered  with  a  light  grey 
bark.  The  leaves  are  very  smooth  and  shining  on  the 
upper  surface,  with  slender  branching  veins,  lanceolate 
and  very  acute,  yet  on  the  lower  part  of  the  same 
specimen  blunt  or  even  emarginate,  but  they  are  always 
narrowed  below.  The  male  flowers  (the  only  ones  I 
have  seen)  arc  small,  on  very  short  peduncles,  3  or  4 
together,  with  a  rather  minute  calyx,  and  4  broadish, 
green,  oblong,  obtuse  petals.  The  stamens  arc  usually 
4,  shorter  than  the  petals,  sometimes  more  by  the  in- 
graftment  of  2  peduncles.  The  stigmas  are  2  and  short. 
The  berries  rather  flattened  and  2-lobed,  about  the  size 
of  a  grain  of  cubebs,  dry,  but  with  a  thick  integument, 
2-celled,  2-seeded,  and  of  a  pale  orange-yellow  when 
ripe.  Appearances  of  resin  are  visible  on  some  of  the 
buds,  and  the  berries  have  rather  an  acrid  bitter  taste, 
something  like  that  of  tobacco;  yet,  notwithstanding 
their  disagreeable  taste,  they  are  greedily  devoured  by 
birds. 

The  white  flowers  of  S.frutesccns,  the  S.  complcta  of 
Swartz,  and  its  humble  stature,  appear  to  distinguish  it 
from  our  plant. 


1 1 


Plate  LVI. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size, 
fruit. 


a.  The  male  flower,     b.  The 


CEANOTHUS.t 

(Linn.,  in  part.) 

Natural  Order,  Rhamnbte,  (Decand.)    Liniixan  Classifica- 
tion, Pentandria,  Monogynia. 


i  'II 


Calyx  campanulatc,  shortly  5-cleft,  with  the  border  deciduous. 
Petals  5,  cucullate  and  arched,  exscrted,  with  long  claws. 
Stamens  exsertcd.  Disk  thickened  at  the  margin  surround- 
ing the  ovary.  Styles  3,  united  to  the  middle.  Fruit  dry 
and  rigid,  mostly  3-celled,  obtusely  triangular,  seated  on  the 
persistent  tube  of  the  calyx,  tricoccous,  dehiscing  by  the  inner 
sutures.     Seeds  obovate,  even. 

Shrubs  or  underslirubs,  rarely  small  trees  of  the  temperate 
parts  of  America.  Roots  large  and  ligneous.  Leaves  alternate, 
ovate  or  elliptical,  mostly  serrate,  sometimes  entire,  persistent 
or  deciduous.  Flowers  white  or  blue,  in  umbel-like  clusters, 
aggregated  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches  into  thyrsoid 
corymbs.  The  taste  of  the  root  and  most  other  parts  of  the 
plant  more  or  less  astringent.  One  of  the  species  was  formerly 
employed  as  a  succedaneum  for  tea,  and  hence  the  name  of  ''New 
Jersey  Tea." 

TREE  CEANOTHUS. 

CEANOTHUS  thyrsiplouus,  arborea,  erecta;  ramis  angula- 
tiSffoliis  ovato-oblongis,subellipticis,  obtusis  crassiusculiSy 
glanduloso-serritlatis  sxibglubris,subtiis  subvillosis;  thyrsis 
oblongo-ovalibiis  densifloris  corymbulis  axillaribus  lermi- 
nalibusque,  ramis  floriferis  foliosis;  floribus  aztireis. 

•j-  An  ancient  Greek  name  employed  by  Theophrastus  for  a 
plant  now  unknown. 


ij^V 


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■  y  .\  \  'n  ivi 


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Tree  Certjiotkus 


»'l  LVIJ 


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t^rilftf/Jif  I  '^  ■nj-T./  '/<-"\- 


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TREE  CEANOTHUS. 


45 


Ceanothus  tln/rsijlnriis.  Esciiolts,  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petcrsb. 
(182(».)  lIooKEu,  Flor.  Hor.  Amcr.  1.  p.  12/5.  Hookgh  and 
Ahnott,  in  13otan.  Bccchey,  p.  136.  Torrey  and  Grey,  1. 
p.  2(iG. 

Though  several  species  of  this  elegant  genus  in 
California,  Oregon,  and  along  the  North-West  Coast 
become  considerable  shrubs,  this  is  the  only  one  which 
can  be  classed  amongst  trees.  It  was  somewhat  abun- 
dant on  dry  gravelly  hills  in  the  vicinity  of  jMonterey, 
where  I  arrived  in  the  month  of  March,  about  the  time 
that  it  was  bursting  into  flower.  My  attention  was 
called  to  it  in  the  wood-pile,  where  considerable  stems, 
at  least  as  thick  as  a  man's  leg,  lay  consigned  to  the 
ignoble  but  still  important  use  of  fire-wood.  The  wood 
appeared  hard,  tough,  of  a  reddish  colour,  and  it  afforded 
a  durable  fuel.  The  branches  were  tortuous,  spreading, 
and  covered  with  a  rough  bark,  the  branchlets  green  and 
angular.  Leaves  nearly  elliptic,  the  uppermost  ovato- 
oblong,  all  glandularly  serrulate;  above  smooth,  beneath 
pubescent,  particularly  along  the  three  strong  nerves 
which  traverse  the  leaf  to  the  summit;  the  petioles  very 
short;  the  upper  branchlets  terminating  in  thyrsoid 
panicles  of  deep  blue  and  very  elegant  flowers,  made  up 
of  numerous  round,  dense  clusters,  in  small  corymbs; 
the  terminal  mass  oval,  about  three  inches  long,  by 
about  an  inch  in  width;  the  clusters  are  subtended  by 
ovate,  acuminate,  broad,  villous  and  deciduous  bractes. 
The  calyx,  petals  and  peduncles,  are  of  a  deep  sky-blue; 
the  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate;  the  petals,  as  usual, 
unguiculate  and  exserted  as  well  as  the  stamens;  the 
anthers  are  yellow.  With  the  fruit  I  am  wholly  un- 
acquainted. 

As  this  is  a  hardy  and  very  ornamental  plant  it  well 
deserves  cultivation.    The  flowers  appear  early  in  the 


ii 


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,11  <t' 


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W 


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iv 


46 


TREE  CEANOTHUS. 


spring,  and  the  whole  summit  of  tlic  tree  appears  of  an 
intense  hlue. 

The  bark  of  the  Ccatiolhiis  (izitreiis^  ji  plant  allied  to 
the  present  species,  is  esteemed  in  Mexico  as  a  febrifuge. 

Plate  I.VII. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  flower. 

Ceanothus  macrocarpus.  Nutt.  in  Torrey  and  Grey.  As 
this  is  not  the  plant  of  Willdenow,  I  take  this  opportunity  of 
correcting  the  error,  and  propose  to  call  it  Ceaiiothus  mcgu- 
carpus. 

Persimmon  {Diospi/rus  virginiana.)  fi.  rvBEsciiys,  foliis  .sub- 
ttis  molliter pilosis. 

Of  this  remarkable  variety,  with  the  leaves  softly 
pilose  beneath,  I  have  seen  specimens  from  Louisiana 
collected  by  Mr.  Teinturier,  and  a  very  similar,  but  less 
pubescent  variety,  was  found  in  Georgia  by  the  late  Dr. 
Baldwyn,  (according  to  specimens  in  the  herbarium  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  this  place.) 


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COLUBRINA. 

(Richard.) 

Natural  Order,  RiiAMNEiE.     Limixan  Classification, 
Pentanduia,  Monogynia. 

Cahjx  sprcadinfj;,  5-clcft;  the  tube  hemispherical.  Pcluls  5, 
obovale,  convolute.  Stuniens  5,  with  ovate,  2-cellecl  anthers. 
Disk  (Icsliy,  rather  flat,  slightly  5-anglecl.  Ovary  immersed 
in  and  adhering  to  the  disk,  3-cellcd.  Style  trilid.  Stigmas  3. 
Fruit  capsular,  dehiscent,  tricoccous,  girt  at  the  base  by  the 
adnate,  permanent,  entire  tube  of  the  calyx.  Seeds  furnished 
with  a  short  stalk,  the  testa  coriaceous,  very  smooth. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  tropical  America  and  Asia.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, with  pinnate  nerves  and  reticulated  with  transverse  veins. 
Flowers  in  short  axillary  cymes. 

SNAKE-WOOD. 

COLUBRINA  AMBnicAjiA,  fo/iis  ovatis  snf)acuminatis  inte- 

gris,  snbtus  ramulis  Jlorilmsque  ferrugineu-villusis,  Jlnri- 

bus  axilluribus  coryinlmso  adgregatis. 
Ceanothus  colubrinus.  Lamakck.    Dkcand.  Prod.,  vol.  2.  p. 

3L     Persoon.  Synops.,  vol.  1.  p.  21-1. 
Rhamnus  colubrinus.  Jacquin,  Amcr.  74.  No.  2.  Hort.  Vindo- 

bon.,  vol.  3.  tab.  50.    Vogel,  icon.  rar.  tab.  105.    Linn.  Syst. 

vol.  I.  p.  195, 
RuAMNUS  arburcus,f()liis  obovatis  vcnosis,  capsulis  sphxricis, 

in/erne  ad  7ncdictatem  calyptratis.     Browne,  Jamaic.  p. 

172.  No.  2. 


m 


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hi. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

48 


SNAKE-WOOD. 


% 


Rhamnus  ferrus^ineiis.   Nutt.  in  Torrey  and  Gray.  Flora  N. 

Am.  1.  p.  263.  and  Journ,  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.,  vol.  7.  p.  90. 
Arbor  haccifcra  indicu,  foliis  majoribiis  splendent ibus  Jlore 

pentapetulo.  Comm.  Hort.  p.  475.  tab.  90. 

A  FLOWERING  Specimen  of  this  tree  was  collected  at 
Key  West,  in  East  Florida,  by  Mr.  Titian  Peale.  From 
this  imperfect  relic  I  conceived  it  to  belong  to  a  new 
species  which  I  hence  called  the  ferruginous  Buck- 
thorn, but  on  comparing  it  more  attentively  with  a  fine 
specimen  of  Rhamnus  coluhrimis  collected  in  St.  Do- 
mingo by  Poiteau,  I  felt  satisfied  of  their  identity.  It  is 
indigenous  to  the  islands  of  St.  Martin,  the  Bahamas, 
Jamaica,  St.  Domingo,  and  Cuba,  where,  on  the  high 
mountains,  it  becomes  a  tree  of  20  feet  in  height;  but 
on  the  borders  of  the  sea,  among  the  brushwood,  it 
seldom  attains  a  greater  height  than  that  of  6  or  7  feet. 
The  branches  spread  out  horizontally  and  are  thickly 
covered  with  leaves.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  ferrugi- 
nous down  spread  over  the  petioles  and  young  leaves,  as 
well  as  upon  the  peduncles  and  calyx  of  the  flowers. 
The  bark  is  smooth  and  blackish,  but  the  younger 
branches  are  grey  and  downy.  The  leaves  are  alter- 
nate, oval,  somewhat  acuminately  and  abruptly  pointed, 
entire,  smooth  and  shining  above,  tomentose  beneath 
when  young,  afterwards  only  so  on  the  nerves,  3  to  4 
inches  long  by  about  2  inches  wide;  the  petioles  from 
a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long.  The  flowers  are  small, 
disposed  in  short  axillary  corymbs,  containing  in  each 
cluster  about  7  to  10.  The  calyx  is  villous  and  ferru- 
ginous, 5-parted,  the  divisions  ovate  and  somewhat 
acute,  the  petals,  5  in  number,  arc  narrow,  linear- 
oblong,  about  the  length  of  the  divisions  of  the  calyx, 
unguiculate,  concave,  find  partly  embracing  the  stamens, 
which  are  about  the  same  length.  Fleshy  disk  of  the 
germ  conspicuous,  broadly  5-lobed.  The  style  is  simple, 


ill 


SNAKE- WOOL). 


49 


terminating  in  3  simple,  obtuse  stigmas.  The  fruit 
nearly  half  way  embraced  by  the  persistent  base  of  the 
calyx,  IS  a  capsule  of  3  lobes,  with  3  valves,  and  3  elas- 
tic cells.  The  seeds  are  solitary,  nearly  round  and 
somewhat  compressed,  shining  and  black,  remainino- 
often  after  the  lapse  of  the  capsule  attached  to  the  base 
of  the  cells.  With  the  wood  of  this  tree  or  its  economy, 
I  am  unacquainted. 

Another  species  of  this  genus,  with  smooth,  elliptic 
and  somewhat  acuminated  leaves  on  longish  petioles, 
occurs,  according  to  La  Sagra,  in  Cuba,  "in  this  alsoi 
the  small  axillary  umbels  are  very  few-flowered,  smooth 
and  pedicellated;  this  might  be  called  Coluhrina  glabra. 


, !  I' 


Plate  LVIII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.  a.  The  umbel  of  flowers,  b  The 
flower  a  little  enlarged,  c.  The  seed  remaining  attached  to  the 
receptacle. 


It 


VOL.  II. 


BUCKTHORN. 

Nalural  Order,  Rhamxe^e.     Limumn  C/<tssi/icatiuii, 
Pkxtandria,  Monogynia. 

RIIAMNUS,t(LiNN.) 

Calyx  urceolatc,  with  the  border  4  or  5-clcft.  Petals  4  or  5, 
alternating  witli  the  calyx,  entire,  cmarginate  or  2-lobecl,  more 
or  less  convolute,  sometimes  wanting.  Torus  thin,  lining  the 
tube  of  the  calyx.  Slamiiui  situated  before  the  petals.  Ovary 
free,  and  not  immersed  in  the  torus  or  disk,  2  to  4  celled. 
Styles  2  to  4,  distinct,  or  combined.  Fruit  drupaceous,  con- 
taining 2  to  4  cartilaginous  nuts. 

The  Buckthorns  arc  all  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate 
and  rarely  opposite  leaves,  on  short  petioles,  often  pennately 
nerved.  The  flowers  are  small  and  greenish,  usually  in  short 
axillary  clusters  or  small  corymbs. 

CAROLINA  BUCKTHORN. 

IIHAMNUS  cARoi.iNiANUs,  (Walter,  Flor.  Carol,  p.  101.) 
erect }is,foliis  ovali-ol)lon<^is  hitegriuscuUs glahris,  nmbelUs 
peclunculatis,  Jloribus  her  map /wod  it  is,  fructibus  globosis. 
MiciiAux,  Flora  Boreal,  ^imer.,  vol.  1.  p.  153.  Uecand. 
Prod.,  vol.  2.  p.  26. 

Rhamnus  Caroliniantts;  erect,  unarmed;  leaves  oval-oblong, 
obscurely  serrate,  nearly  glabrous  (or  rarely  pubescent  be- 
neath); umbels  axillary,  on  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the 
petioles;  flowers  perfect,  pentandrous  (sometimes  tetrandrous), 
petals  minute,  embracing  the  very  short  stamens;  styles  united 
to  the  summit;  stigmas  3;  fruit  globose,  rather  dry,  3  to  4 
seeded.     Tokrey  and  Gray,  Flora  N.  Amer.  1.  p.  2fi2. 

This  fine  Buckthorn,  though  usually  a  shrub  in  our 

f  From  the  Celtic  ra»i,  branching:  and  hence  the  Greek  §«,«v5c. 


CAROLINA  BUCKTHORN. 


51 


southern  and  south-western  forests,  on  the  borders  of 
Palmetto  creek,  Laurens  county,  in  Georgia,  the  late 
Mr.  Crooni  observed  trees  of  this  species  30  to  40  feet 
high.  In  the  forests  of  Arkansa,  they  attain  the  height 
of  ordinary  peach  or  apple  trees,  and  congregated  toge- 
ther produce  shady  groves  of  considerable  extent.  The 
quality  or  uses  of  its  wood  remain  a  desideratum.  The 
stems  are,  however,  slender  for  their  height,  being  not 
more  than  4  to  6  inches  in  diameter. 

The  leaves  are  3  to  G  inches  long,  and  1  to  2  inches 
wide,  oval-oblong  and  widening  towards  the  summit,  the 
extremity  more  or  less  briefly  acuminate,  the  border 
slenderly  serrulate,  and  sometimes  irregularly  waved, 
the  lateral  pennate  veins  are  10  to  12  and  rather  dis- 
tant; the  very  young  leaves  before  expansion  are  some- 
what ferruginously  villous.  Umbels  on  stout  pedicels, 
from  10  to  15  flowered.  The  calyx  pubescent  but  not 
ferruginous,  the  segments  lanceolate;  petals  2-lobed  at 
the  extremity.  The  fruit  black,  as  large  as  a  small  pea, 
is  mostly  3-seeded.  Seeds  black,  plano-convex,  without 
a  groove. 

This  species  begins  to  appear  in  North  Carolina,  and 
extends  through  Georgia  to  Florida.  West  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, it  is  abundant  on  the  banks  of  the  Arkansa, 
and  Mr.  Say  collected  it  within  the  range  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

In  Bartram's  Botanic  Garden,  at  Kingsessing,  where 
this  species  is  perfectly  hardy,  it  forms  an  elegant  tree, 
and  has  attained  the  height  of  near  upon  25  feet  in  20 
years.  Colonel  Carr,  the  worthy  proprietor  of  this  inte- 
resting garden,  tells  me  that  for  a  considerable  time  the 
berries  remain  red  and  are  very  ornamental;  at  length 
towards  winter  they  turn  black,  and  remain  so  for  a 
long  time,  until  some  famished  flock  of  Robins  falls  upon 
and  strips  them  nearly  at  once. 


i.  i 


'I  _ 


^^ 


I. 


■ii; 


53 


PURSH'S  BUCKTHORN'. 


Plate  LIX. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  flower  enlarged,    b.  The 
berries. 


PURSH'S  BUCKTHORN. 

RHAMNUS  PuRsiiiANUs,  (Decand.)  inermis,  erectiis,  foliis 
hito-cllipticis  minute  dcnticuluto-serrulis  siiblus  pubescen,' 
tibus  ncrvis  lalcratibus  obliquis  Hnealis,  pedunculis  ax- 
illuribus  umbellatis  Jloribusqne  pubescent ibus,  cabjce  5- 
Jic/o,  pctalis  miniitis  cucullatis.  Hook.  Flor.  Bor.  Amer., 
vol.  2.  p.  123.  t.  43.     Decand.  Prod.,  vol.  2.  p.  25. 

Rhamnus  alnifofitis.  Puush,  Flor.  Am.  Sept.,  vol.  1.  p.  166. 
(non  L' Herit ier.) 

This  is  another  species  of  Buckthorn  which  becomes 
a  tree  of  10  to  20  feet  elevation,  with  a  trunk  of  9 
inches  in  diameter.  It  was  discovered  within  the  Rocky 
Mountain  range  on  the  banks  of  Salmon  river,  by  Cap- 
tain Lewis;  and  it  is  of  common  occurrence  on  the 
borders  of  the  Oregon,  in  the  upland  shady  woods  near 
the  skirts  of  thj  prevailing  Pine  forests.  Menzies  also 
met  with  this  tree  near  Nootka,  on  the  North-West 
coast  of  America.  It  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to 
the  R.  CaroUnianus^  but  the  leaves  are  broader,  shorter, 
and  more  decidedly  serrated,  and  the  berry  is  strongly 
3-Iobed. 

The  branches  are  round,  dark  brown  and  pubescent. 
The  leaves  are  3  to  5  inches  long,  petiolate,  deciduous, 
but  at  length  somewhat  coriaceous,  broadly  elliptic, 
rounded  or  rarely  somewhat  acute  at  the  base,  obtuse 
or  sometimes  very  shortly  acuminate,  the  margin  mi- 
nutely serrulate,  the  young  leaves  pubescent  at  len^rth, 


Hi 


tuse 
mi- 


i^?M- 


'^  ■■..-,. 


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^^<*§5?8^   -t?- 


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I  r  *•  '?.'/*  z^'  /c' 


!i 


I,'!       i 


,.;!' .-.  nr-.-K  ifiou  V 


't.Uh      iJ    V 


.('•'(■:,1  .M.:i\     (/.    i  ii     (■■!'.' 


:j.    I  'i; 


Vi  ilSU'S  JKC'KTIIOUN, 

mNI  n    ''[;i<.      vn' .•    i' H' •■:m)(I.  !    i/irri/iis,   m'l  itn.   fo//'i.\ 

'  ■■    .    /  '  ■  f    >    :'   {■•.■■ulih<:  i  ohl'uftii.s   ini'iili.s.   pi  ihiii'\ili\    nj:- 

.1''..  ;}'tiiiis    '.'i!r"/Lt   .  >r:i:  'f '!/!■■'.      WnvK.  l-'ltsr.    nui.  AuiM  . 
■>    •     J.  |i.  !  ..•    ;.   1  ,,      1^''.  •  .\M>.  Hrci!..  A't.l    'i.  [>.  ~./. 
'    1.  '  \i-;;;-.    i'///. /«./;  ■"         !-*•  KSU,   Flor    AlM.  hr^tt ,  V''     ^    .>•    IfJti- 


i'l-    1-    'ilioitit'!'     -'■(■(■•: 


If   )iu\  5< ''«"'■■' ■ 


•  '»  ;k     of    1) 

'     ,   iiu     ivf  •,'■»%>' 

■  -     ■  -;'•■!.  »  '    '  ';ip- 

iU"'  V- ;'  •  ih;-^  "■■■<  'V  :.'  \ii,ith.;  .1;,  fir  '\u!-Ui-\\  ;'.4t 
v.oA  f  ni  'i  1HTJ-.  .•-  i'  '  I'lrr^  a  -lr'iTi<r  !•-->.  I!'.  biuriCf  to 
tilt;  R.  ( 'i!'''/iniaiiifs.  but  the  It-'vcL-:  are  IsroadtM',  .-hoi'i.i. 
.'ind  more  (It  i.'itlrdiy  berratod,  and  the  liv-r\  i>  ^t:. mo-iy 

'I'tii;  '.'iMiicii'--  ar<'  roiir.d,  unrk  'jro-vi'  iini   ;  i:i"-rt  hf. 

Jr.)!    oi    l;'!!;.;rli    mmiui  ^-i'Mt    f:o»"ric<'')'i-.    '..i.t       iMlijUi^'. 

1        :  !!;:d    iM'    fill  .  I  v     c,  jHIi  '.viiU*^    ai'CT      j.        '  :.!•■.  (V!>fl|v(; 

>••.     :-\-]'-  \  .<.  ]<'■■'    '\vi";     -ti;ii-H',     ;i.cf)i'i'.  '•..I',    lii!'     f,:':i\'.''ni    iiS'* 

'li"'>'  M.JT-;:    IC.  i.iv     S  •'.!.•!;;;     iCJlVOS?    Otdn'-^rC!.!'.    ill    lei^i'lii, 


I 


1      i: 


;ur 


•'J 

■.•it 

to 


!^!V 


ll^C. 


"^TT^uyT^nTTZ 


Carolina    Biu'klhorn 


Jir'nif.  ttrt-,\  ■   (lz?X'iiflUt^t'<y' 


,  ^ /'^/yz/v.w  (/< //f ''t' ''Cil't  ^'^ 


!f 


II 


•A    '<! 


!i 


lis 


CATHARTIC  BUCKTIIOIIN.  §8 

only  so  en  tlic  nerves  beneath,  the  nerves  in  oblique 
lines;  petioles  pubesci'nt.  Stipules  quickly  deciduous, 
peduncles  solitary,  an  inch  or  more  lonjr,  unibellated; 
pedicels  pubescent,  elongattnl  in  the  fruit.  Calyx  exter- 
nally pubescent,  S-cleft,  the  se;ifnicntH  acute,  internally 
carinatc.  Petals  minute,  cucullate,  bifid  at  the  apex, 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  very  concave  and  cucullate. 
Stamens  opposite  the  petals  and  involved  in  tlienj. 
Germ  small,  ovate.  Style  shorter  than  the  germ;  the 
stigma  obtuse  and  3-lol)ed.  1  Jerry  wider  above,  li-celled, 
3-sccded.  The  seed  obovate,  black,  very  shining,  con- 
vex externally,  internally  with  a  central  elevated  line  at 
the  base,  at  the  hylum  yellow. 

The  Cathartic  IJucktiiohn  {Rhumnus  calharlicus)  ap- 
pears to  be  a  native  of  the  northern  states  of  the  Union, 
as  it  occurs  in  the  wildest  situations.  The  berries  and 
syrup  of  this  species  have  long  been  employed  in  medi- 
cine. The  juice  of  the  berries,  in  a  dose  of  5  or  6 
drachms,  proves  a  strong  cathartic,  but  it  is  generally 
made  into  a  syrup.  The  bark  has  also  an  emetic 
quality.  The  juice  of  the  uin'ipe  berries  with  alum 
gives  a  yellow  dye;  that  of  the  ripe  fruit,  concentrated 
by  evaporation,  and  treated  in  the  same  manner  with  a 
solution  of  alum,  gives  a  green  paste,  the  sap  green 
employed  by  painters,  and  from  the  manner  in  which  it 
is  prepared  for  sale,  is  called  in  France,  vert  de  vcssie. 

In  New  England,  particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  Bos- 
ton, this  species  is  much  employed  for  useful  and  orna- 
mental hedges,  and  bearing  well  to  be  cut,  growing 
thick,  and  remaining  green  till  winter,  it  is  strongly 
recommended  for  this  useful  purpose. 


t  i* 


;1' 


m 


I  ! 


1 


i     ! 
ii 


I 'ill 


3', 


i>  i 


)  f 


n 


iM  A  N  C  ir  I  N  E  E  L . 

ISatnml  Order,  iMi'iionuiAcr;  i:  ?     Tjinninin  Classl/icalkm, 

MoMKCIA,  iMoNADKLI'lllA. 

IlIPlH)MANK,t  (Linn.) 

MoN<K('iors. — ]\f(//f  flowers  with  a  subcanipaniilalc,  rniarginato 
calyx  and  no  corolla.  A  single  t'olninnar  filanicnl.  tcnninatinjj; 
in  I  antiiL-rs. — In  i\w.  fcrlih'  llowcr  there  is  a  ;J-h;avecl  calyx 
and  no  (toroila.  Sti/le  very  short.  S/iifi/nt  (I  or  7  clelY.  Fruity 
a  drupe  containing  a  «>  to  7  or  more  celled  nut;  each  cell  with 
one  seed;  the  cells  indehiscent. 

A  large  poisonous  tree  of  tropical  America,  with  alternate  en- 
tire leaves;  the  male  flowers  clustered  in  intcrruj)ted  terminal 
spikes.     The  fruit  solitary  and  sessile,  resembling  an  apple. 

MANCIIINEEL. 

HIPPOMANE   mAncinella,  foliis  ova/is  ficrratis.     Linn. 

Willi).  Sp.  PI.   Lamauck,  Illust.  tab.  793.   Jacq.  Amer.  edit. 

pict.  tab.  238.     Auhlkt.  Guian.,  vol.  2.  p.  SS5. 
Ma/ii.i  amcricdnu,  /(turoccra.si  foiio,  vcnendta.     Minicinello 

arhor  scu  Ma.sshiilia  dicta.    Commel.  Ilort.,  vol.  \.  p.  13L 

tab.  68, 
Jtiglandi  affmifi  arbor  Jul  if  era,  lactcscenSf  venenata, pyrifoUa , 

Mancanillo  hispanis  dicta.     Sloane,  Jamuic.  Hist.,  vol.  2. 

p.  3.  tab.  159. 

t  From  ITT5C,  a  hor.sc,  and  //«k«,  madness.  The  name,  however, 
was  applied  by  the  (Jreeks  to  a  very  dill'erent  plant  which  grew 
in  Arcadia,  said  to  render  horses  furious. 


I 


i/N 


ins 
lyx 


en- 
inul 


:nn. 
Hlit. 


131. 


7//V/, 


!vcr, 
new 


/ 


.X 


,^- 


■***' 


\i 


T^SlJft)*-*^ 


't,       -i-'- 


\>0 


^  i  t^i 


A 


y 


f 


*i     jK, 


i:. 


J 


;u  .'(i.nt 


'■)jjf  '/.'<. 


'Si'  .   f/.s»r  -*  r  "ti 


I 


^^    \  >  ■     i     I  .\  I.  r-  ■  .  . 

M'V.'j.t  I  \.  ^^*x\;^n.l•;i•.^, 

l!!l'.'!!MAM".t      1.I-.N., 

"(!    y  .i-i  n.i  :  -  ^ .  j  :.-.  /     ■'■.  .  , ,  t :»  \:  ':['■•  .1  .-;;i"'  ,im'.i  ni: ':'',".  1  rw:  ^iv'i.i'c 

l\  >     ;    Si   I  •'  .-,1  .  :1  i'l.         v.  :•■::■  V   '•("'' li:i!    •'  J:  i.i'i::  '>  1   ■  Minil!..   ;;.■ ; 

11     '     il;     I.  ;■•<,--!  ;•    ij..      /•//..'■     |!'.a.       ;:.iii'i>    ri     .•!(•:(■.  i-,l    .'li'.  \ 

.'•  7  ••!.  '•'■.     :"/  I'i'. 


,1!|,  !    :;i  ,     ■,-    viii   I 


"! ..   '■  \  -Tx   -:  Ml  I.     ,V//r?., 


[..    . . 


i  ,  1  ■>•  V. 
•    .    ".  ,     .';     ■'■'■/.■■    ■■!    :--;iO.    '■■■,,  Hi-/,..        .V, '//■■/■ -t-.V'.' 

!/■     M'/'/r."..     <!':   >li  <    l)  'I  AT  •.  I..    Ifort.V''       1.     \i.     \  W  [  . 


KlK.   <i<  , 
J".^J!!:>Ji  ajjihii  ■i--ii'ir  l>i'lj'  •■■^    iu  7.  vc^'JjA;  '7f/''v;-'/i'.  I'/ri/oh' 


*     i     >       1  -  i' 
p.     .',    !.  f:i.    1    '■' 


.  (>  \  N  !.,     .! 


i.  1  I  • 


;    •      .1     ','f.-'  ■• 
I  , 


i7f/)po  m'<2/ie .  ffifrtrm<^JA- 


''^tT* 


I       t  !' 


Ifel 


MANCHINEEL. 


55 

MSS. 


Mancanilla  pyi'ifacie.     Plumier.  Gen.  p.   19.  tab. 

vol.  6.  t.  109.     Catesby's  Carol.,  vol.  2.  p.  95.  t.  95. 
%firhor  mnericanu   JMancincllo  dicUi,  fniclu  parnl  vownuto, 

nuclcis  .<ie])lcnis  cl  ])iuril>us,  in  ossiculo  muricdlu,  talidcju 

locuUs  dispct'/i/o,  inclusis.    Pluken.  Alniag.,p.  44.    Phytog. 

tab.  142.  fig.  4. 
Ilippornanc  arboreum  lacfescois,  ra7nnHf!  tcrnalis;  pctinlis 

glanduld  notatis;  Jlo7nbus  spicatis,  niixtis.     Brown,  Jam. 

p.  351. 

The  Manchineel  Tree  .attains  a  frrcat  size  on  the  sea 
coast  in  various  parts  of  tlic  West  India  Islands  and  the 
neighhouring  continent.  It  has  also  been  found  growing 
very  common  at  Key  West,  in  low  places,  where  it  at- 
tains the  height  of  30  to  40  feet.  It  has  much  the 
aspect  of  a  pear  tree  at  a  distance,  while  the  fruit  re- 
sembles in  appearance  and  scent  a  small  apple,  and  is 
produced  in  such  abundance  that  the  ground,  when  they 
fall,  appears  as  it  were  paved  with  them;  they  possess, 
however,  very  little  pulp,  being  internally  occupied  by  a 
deeply  grooved  nut  as  large  as  a  chestnut.  No  animal, 
except  goats  and  maccaws,  chooses  to  feed  on  them, 
and  they  become  dry,  brown  and  spongy,  and  as  useless 
as  they  are  deleterious.  The  wood,  on  the  contrary,  is 
in  great  esteem  for  tables,  cabinets,  and  other  articles  of 
furniture,  being  close  grained,  heavy,  durable,  finely 
variegated  with  brown,  white,  and  shades  of  yellow,  and 
susceptible  of  a  high  polish.  Tables  made  of  it  almost 
resemble  marble,  and  are  equally  smooth  and  shining. 
Great  caution,  however,  is  necessary  in  felling  the  tree; 
and  before  they  begin,  it  is  the  usual  practice  of  the 
workmen,  first  to  kindle  a  fire  round  the  stem,  by  which 
means  the  milky  sap  becomes  so  much  inspissated  as 
not  to  follow  the  blows  of  the  axe.  They  also  take  the 
further  precaution  to  cover  the  face  with  a  net  of  gauze, 
to  prevent  the  access  both  of  the  juice  and  the  particles 
of  sap  wood,  which  might  be  deleterious. 


!p: 


III 


56 


MANCHINEEL. 


All  parts  of  the  Manchineel  tree  abound  with  a  white 
milky  sap,  which  is  very  poisonous,  and  so  caustic,  that 
a  single  drop  received  upon  the  back  of  the  hand  imme- 
diately produces  the  sensation  of  the  touch  of  a  coal  of 
fire,  and  soon  raises  a  watery  blister.  The  Indians, 
according  to  Hawkins,  used  to  poison  their  arrows  with 
this  juice,  which  retained  its  venom  for  a  long  time. 
Another  and  much  more  deadly  poison  was  commonly 
used  for  this  purpose,  however,  by  the  American  savages 
of  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  namely,  the  warari, 
chiefly  obtained  from  the  juice  of  the  Strychnos,  and  this 
was  distinguishable  by  producing  the  effect  of  tetanus  or 
lock-jaw,  which,  mostly  fatal,  was  sometimes  protracted 
for  several  days  before  producing  death.  It  is  reported, 
that  many  of  the  Europeans  who  first  landed  in  Surinam 
died  suddenly  from  sleeping  under  this  tree;  and  there 
may  probably  be  some  foundation  in  truth  for  such 
reports,  when  we  take  into  consideration  the  volatile 
nature  of  the  poisonous  principle  of  these  plants.  As  in 
the  venomous  species  of  Rhus  or  Sumach,  also,  while 
many  individuals  are  affected  by  the  poison,  others,  for 
no  evident  reason,  can  touch  or  handle  these  plants  M'ith 
impunity.  Hence,  though  Jacquin  asserts  that  he  re- 
posed under  the  shade  of  the  Manchineel  for  the  space 
of  3  hours  without  experiencing  any  inconvenience,  it 
does  not  follow  that  it  would  be  equally  harmless  to  all 
who  should  hazard  the  experiment;  and  with  a  laudable 
prudence,  the  inhabitants  of  Martinique  formerly  burnt 
down  whole  woods  of  the  Manchineel  in  order  to  clear 
their  country  of  so  dangerous  a  pest. 

Catesby  acknowledges  that  he  was  not  sufliciently 
satisfied  of  its  poisonous  qualities  "till  assisting  in  the 
cutting  down  a  tree  of  this  kind  on  Andros  Island,  I  paid 
for  my  incredulity;  some  of  the  milky  poisonous  juice 
spurting  in  my  eyes,  I  was  two  days  totally  deprived  of 


MANCHINEEL. 


57 


juy' 


id  of 


sight,  and  my  eyes  and  face  much  swelled,  and  felt  a 
violent  pricking  pain  the  first  24  hours,  which  from  that 
time  ahated  gradually  with  the  swelling,  and  went  olf 
without  any  application  or  remedy,  none  in  that  unin- 
habited island  being  to  be  had.  It  is  no  wonder  that 
the  sap  of  this  tree  should  be  so  virulent,  when  rain  or 
dew,  falling  from  its  leaves  on  the  naked  body,  causes 
blisters  on  the  skin;  and  even  the  effluvia  of  it  are  so 
noxious  as  to  aflect  the  senses  of  those  w  hich  stand  any 
time  under  its  shade." 

Oily  substances  are  considered  the  best  remedy  for 
this  poison.  Some  also  recommend  a  large  jbss  of 
sea-water  to  be  drank  instantly  as  a  preventive. 

The  branches  of  the  Manchineel  are  covered  with  a 
greyish  smooth  bark.  The  leaves,  which  fall  annually, 
are  alternate,  petiolate,  numerous,  oval,  pointed,  almost 
cordate  at  the  base,  slightly  and  distantly  serrulate,  dark 
green,  rather  thick,  shining,  veined,  and  transversely 
nerved,  3  to  4  inches  long,  by  about  2  inches  wide. 
Stipules  oval  and  caducous.  The  flowers  are  small  and 
of  a  yellow  colour,  moncecious,  and  grow  upon  straight 
terminal  spikes,  like  catkins.  The  male  flowers  are 
minute,  collected  together  in  clusters  of  about  30  toge- 
ther, each  cluster  subtended  by  a  concave,  caducous 
scale.  The  calycine  scales  are  accompanied  at  their 
base  by  2  large  lateral  orbicular  depressed  glands.  The 
fertile  flowers  are  sessile  and  solitary.  The  drupe  in 
colour  and  odour  is  so  like  a  small  apple  that  it  might 
easily  be  mistaken  for  it;  it  is  shining,  and  of  a  yellow- 
ish-green colour,  with  a  white  and  milky  pulp.  It  con- 
tains a  thick,  bony  nut,  full  of  angular  crests  which 
project  almost  through  the  skin;  it  has  ordinarily  6  or 
7,  sometimes  as  many  as  14?  1 -seeded  cells,  which  have 
no  spontaneous  dehiscence  or  valves.  The  male  flowers 
have  a  very  small  one-leaved,  roundish,  bifid  calyx,  with 

VOL.  n.  8 


\     ■       'i: 


'I  \\.r 


m.  ! 


I     !^' 


58 


MANCIIINEEL. 


if. 


.1* 


a  straight  slender  filament,  as  long  again  as  the  calyx, 
bearing  4  roundish  anthers.  The  female  flower,  like  the 
preceding,  has  no  corolla,  and  consists  of  a  3-lcavcd 
calyx,  with  roundish,  obtuse,  connivent  leaflets.  The 
ovary  is  oval,  superior,  as  long  as  the  calyx,  surmounted 
by  a  straight  short  style,  deeply  divided  into  6  or  7  long 
subulate,  pointed  and  reflected  stigmas. 

Plate  LX. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.  a.  The  male  flower,  b.  The 
apple-like  drupe  of  the  natural  magnitude,  c.  A  transverse 
section  of  the  drupe  having  6  cells  and  one  abortive  cell. 
d.  The  seed  of  its  natural  magnitude,  e.  The  kernel,  with  the 
inverted  embryo  of  the  natural  size. 


The  poisonous  Upas  {Anliaris  toxicaria),  bearing  soli- 
tary female  flowers  with  2  styles  and  an  unequal  drupa- 
ceous fruit,  though  only  of  1  cell,  still  approaches  nearer 
to  the  anomalous  Manchineel,  in  this  family,  than  to 
any  plant  of  the  Artocarpeas,  with  which  it  is  so  unnatu- 
rally associated. 

Alcurites  by  its  fruit,  a  2-celled,  2-sceded,  indehiscent 
drupe,  appears  to  be  almost  intermediate  with  Antiaris 
and  Hippomane.  We  are  unacquainted  with  the  struc- 
ture of  the  seed  in  Antiaris,  but  the  obliquity  of  the  fruit, 
and  its  swelling  out  more  to  one  side,  would  seem  to 
indicate  the  presence  of  2  germs.  These  poisonous 
plants,  as  well  as  the  Alcurites,  seem  to  form  a  natural 
group  which  further  observation  must  decide;  if  so 
considered,  they  might  bear  the  name  of  Hippomane.e 
from  the  well  known  Manchineel,  and  will  be  distin- 
guished chiefly  from  the  EupHouDiACEiE  by  their  inde- 
hiscent drupaceous  fruit  of  1  or  2  to  7  or  more  1 -seeded 


Af^RURITES. 


59 


cells,  in  place  of  3,  the  characteristic  number  in  Euphor- 
biacca;. 

The  large  oily  kernels  of  the  Aleurites  (riloha,  known 
in  the  Sandwich  and  Friendly  Islands  by  the  name  of 
Too-tooe,  are  employed  by  the  natives  goiicrally  for 
lights;  pierced  with  a  skewer,  they  are  lighted  like  a 
candle  or  a  torch,  and  burn  well  and  for  a  long  time, 
giving  out  a  bright  flame  and  smoke.  An  excellent  oil 
is  obtained  from  these  nuts  by  expression,  which  is  used 
for  a  variety  of  purposes,  and  answers  well  for  paint. 
It  constitutes  likewise  one  of  the  most  ornamental  and 
characteristic  trees  of  the  forest,  visible  at  a  great 
distance  by  the  paleness  and  whiteness  of  its  verdure, 
and  hence  the  name  of  Aleurites  given  to  it  by  Forster, 
from  its  mealy  appearance.  It  grows  rapidly  and  affords 
a  fine  shade,  producing  leaves  which  resemble  those  of 
the  Plane  tree. 


ij  s 


I   ■;? 


ii^i 


!1    ft 


i    ^ 


EXC^CARIA.t 


>  jiif 


Natural  Order,  EuPHORBiACEiE.     TJnnssan  Classification, 

DlffiCIA,  MONADELPHIA. 

Dioecious  or  MoNfficious. — Male  flowers  in  cylindric  amcnts, 
■solitary,  or  by  3's,  subtended  by  single  scales;  the  liiument  of 
the  stamens  3-parted  at  the  summit.  Female  flowers  solitary 
or  in  spikes,  with  a  calyx  of  scales.     Capsule  tricoccous. 

§.  Gymnanthes.  [Gymnanthes,gcn\\s.  Swartz.)  Monoecious. 
Female  flowers  solitary,  pedicellate,  the  pedicel  articulated 
and  terminated  by  a  minuto  toothed  calyx,  its  base  surrounded 
by  embracing  scales.  Male  flowers  by  3's. — Trees  of  tropical 
America,  with  alternate,  entire,  sempervircnt  leaves. 

SHINING-LEAVED  POISON  WOOD. 

EXCiECARIA  LuciDA,  Jloribus  fcemineis  subsolUariis  pedi- 
cellatis;  mascuUs  tripartitis  spicatis;  fol'ds  ciinealo-ellip- 
ticis,  lanceolatisve  subserratis. 

Exc^cAHiA  LUCIDA,  monoictt,  floribtis  pedicellatis,  stamini- 
bus  trichotomisyfeinineis pediinculalis,foliis  ellipticis  sub- 
serratis.    Swartz,  Prod.  p.  1122. 

Ricini  frxictu  glabra,  arbor  julifera,  lactescens,  folio  myr- 
tino.     Sloane,  Catal.  Hist,  vol.  2.  p.  131.  tab.  158.  fig.  2. 

According  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  this  plant,  in  Key  West, 
becomes  a  tree  of  30  to  40  feet  in  height.  It  is  also  indi- 
genous to  Jamaica  and  Cuba,  and  a  broad  leaved  variety 
was  collected  by  Poiteau  in  St.  Domingo.  The  wood 
is  yellowish-white,  hard  and  close  grained,  but  of  its  uses, 
or  the  economy  of  the  plant,  we  are  as  yet  ignorant. 

The  branches  are  covered  with  a  grey  and  somewhat 
rough  bark.    The  leaves  arc  alternate,  shortly  petiolate, 

■j-  From  excaecare,  to  blind.  The  juice  of  the  plant  being  so 
acrid  as  to  cause  blindness. 


Ls, 


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SIIINING-LRAVEI)  POISON  WOOD. 


61 


Hinootli  nnd  shining  on  tlio  upper  Hurfaco,  and  on  both 
failles  rather  prominently  and  cle«]jantly  veined  and  reti- 
cnlated;  they  are  .sliii[htly  and  distantly  serrulate<l,  often 
lanceolate,  and  soine>vhat  ohfnse.  On  otln'r  hranches 
the  leaves  are  almost  ohlont^f-ellipfie,  and  narrowed  or 
wedffe-lormed  at  tin;  hase.  In  tlu;  rainy  season,  towards 
the  extremities  of  the  twi^jjs  come  ont  close,  brown, 
cylindric,  axillary  aments,  which  at  length  shoot  into 
loose  spikes  or  aments  covered  with  nnmerous  male 
flowers,  growing  by  3's  together  on  a  common  pedicel, 
>vhich  divides  above  into  the  '.\  flovers,  each  snbtended 
(apparently?)  by  a  still  smaller  scale,  and  consisting  of 
a  secondary  short  stipe,  divided  into  IJ  stamens.  The 
anthers  arc  round,  small,  and  2-celled.  At  the  base  of 
the  catkin,  or  below  in  a  separate  axill,  issues  the 
pcdicellated  female  flowers,  subtended  at  the  base  by 
appropriate  scales,  and  with  the  rudiments  of  a  calyx 
beneath  the  germ.  The  stigmas  arc  3,  rather  thick, 
and  reflected.  The  fruit  is  tricoccous,  supported  upon 
an  elongated  pedicel  and  rather  large.  The  tree,  like 
most  of  the  family  of  the  Euphorbiacea3,  is  filled  with  a 
caustic  milky  juice. 

According  to  Rumphius,  the  juice  of  the  Exccecaria 
Agallocha,  and  even  its  smoke  when  burnt,  affects  the 
eyes  with  great  pain,  as  has  been  sometimes  experienced 
by  sailors,  in  cutting  the  wood  for  fuel,  who,  having 
accidentally  rubbed  their  eyes  with  the  juice,  became 
blinded  for  a  time,  and  some  of  them  finally  lost  their 
sight.  The  Agallocha  wood,  formerly  so  much  esteemed, 
remarkable  for  its  fragrant  odour  and  inflammability, 
belongs  to  the  genus  Aquilaria,  and  has  no  relation  with 
this  family  of  plants. 

Plate  LXI. 


I'  ii 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size, 
female  do. 


a.  The  male  flower,    b.  The 


TALLOW    TREE. 

Natural  Order,  Euphoriuacr^,  (Jussicu.)     Linnxan 
Classification,  Moncecia,  Monadelpiiia. 

STILLINGIA,t  (Linn.) 

MoNfficious. — Staminiferoiis  flowers  solitary,or manyand  small, 
with  an  entire  hemisplierical  involucriim.  Pcrianlh  tubular, 
widened  and  ciliated  on  the  border.  Stcnnens  2  or  3,  cxsertcd, 
with  the  filaments  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Fertile  flowers 
solitary,  involucrate;  perianth  as  in  the  male.  Style  with  3 
stigmas.  Capsule  3-lobed,  3-grained,  surrounded  by  the  en- 
larging involucrum.     Seeds  3. 

Arborescent,  shrubby  or  herbaceous  plants,  with  a  milky  sap. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  serrulated,  having  stipules.  Flowers 
in  spikes,  the  spikes  solitary,  lateral  or  terminal,  the  upper  part 
staminiferous. 

TALLOW  TREE. 

STILLINGIA  SEBIFERA,  arboreal  foliis  petiolatis,  rhombcis 
•  acuminatis  integerrimis,  infra  hasm  glandula  petiolari, 

floribus  mascuHs  numerosis. — Willd.  Sp.   PI.  4.  p.  588. 

Mich.  Flor.  2.  p.  213.     Pursh,  2.  p.  608.     Elliott,  Sk.  2. 

p.  651. 

Croton  sebiferum.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1.  c. 
Ricinus  Chinensis  sebifera,  poptcli  nigrse  folio.    Pkttver. 

Gazoph.  53.  tab.  34.  fig.  3.     Plukenet.  Amalth.  76.  tab.  390. 

fig.  2. 

The  Tallow  tree  grows  to  the  height  of  20  to  40  feet, 


t  So  named  in  honour  of  Dr.  Stillingfleet,  an  English  botanist. 


V. 


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II 


TALLOW  TREE. 


63 


and  so  nearly  resembles  the  black  poplar  in  its  foliage 
that  it  might  be  mistaken  for  it  if  the  leaves  were  ser- 
rated.    It  is  indigenous  to  China,  where  it  grows  on  the 
borders  of  streams.    It  is  now  naturalized  in  both  Indies, 
in  the  south  of  Europe,  and  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
United  States,  along  the   sea-coast.    It  resembles  a 
cherry-tree  in  its  trunk  and  branches.    The  bark  is  of  a 
whitish-grey,  and  soft  to  the  touch.    The  branches  are 
long,  smooth  and  flexible,  ornamented  with  leaves  from 
their  middle  to  their  extremities,  where  they  grow  in  a 
kind  of  tuft.     These  leaves   are  oval-rhomboidal,  on 
longish  petioles,  wider  than  long,  very  entire,  acumi- 
nated, green  and  smooth  on  both  sides,  furnished  at 
their  base  with  two  very  small  sessile  glands;  before 
falling,  at  the  approach  of  winter,  they  become  red. 
The   stipules    are  membranous   and  linear-lanceolate. 
The  flowers  are  terminal,  disposed  in  erect  spikes, 
resembling  catkins,  which  are  about  two  inches  long. 
The  male  flowers  are  numerous,  very  small  and  pedi- 
cellated,  with  a  very  short  monophyllous  and  almost 
truncated  calyx;  with  2, 3,  and  sometimes  more  stamens 
having  exserted  nlaments.     The  fertile  flowers  are  in 
small  numbers  at  the  base  of  each  spike.    The  capsules 
are  smooth,  brown,  and  oval,  3-lobed,  divided  internally 
into  3  bivalvular  cells.     Each  cell  contains  a  somewhat 
hemispherical   seed,   internally   flattened  and  grooved, 
externally  convex  and  rounded,  covered  with  a  some- 
what firm,  white,  sebaceous  or  fatty  substance.    The 
seeds  remain  firmly  attached  above  by  3  threads,  which 
traverse  the  fruit,  and  thus  remain  suspended  after  the 
fall  of  the  valves  of  the  capsule,  so  that  the  tree  seems 
to  be  covered  with  clusters  of  Avhite  berries,  which, 
contrasted  with  the  red  colour  of  the  fading  leaves, 
produces  a  very  peculiar  and  elegant  appearance. 
The  Tallow  tree,  as  its  name  implies,  furnishes  the 


64 


TALLOW  TIIFE. 


I 


I 


Chinese  with  a  material  for  candles;  they  extract  besides 
from  its  seeds  oil  for  their  lamps.  The  ordinary  method 
employed  in  separating  the  tallow  from  the  fruit,  is  by 
bruising  together  the  capsules  and  seeds,  afterwards 
boiling  the  mass  in  water,  and  skimming  off  the  oil 
that  arises  to  the  surface,  which,  when  cold,  becomes 
condensed  like  tallow.  To  every  6  pounds  of  this  fat 
is  sometimes  put  3  pounds  of  linseed  oil,  with  a  little 
wax  to  give  it  a  more  solid  consistence.  The  candles 
thus  obtained  are  of  an  extreme  whiteness,  but  arc  also 
made  red  by  the  addition  of  vermilion.  It  is  said  that 
the  Chinese  steep  these  candles  in  a  sort  of  wax,  also 
the  produce  of  a  tree,  which  forms  a  crust  around  the 
tallow  that  hinders  them  from  melting. 

In  the  Southern  States,  though  the  trees  produce  an 
abundance  of  perfect  fruit,  no  use  is  yet  made  of  it. 

Plate  LXII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  A  cluster  of  male  flowers. 
h.  A  single  male  flower,     c.  The  seeds  or  nuts  coated  with  wax. 


Go 


PRIVET  LEAVED  STILLINGIA. 

STILLINGIA  hiGvsrmy \,fnlm  laiiceolntisntrinque  titlcnu- 

at  is  integerrimis  petiolatiSf  Jlosculis  mascuiis  subsolilariis, 

triandris. 
Stillingia  tigustrina.    Mich.  Flor.  Bor.  Amer.,  vol.  2.  p.  132. 

WiLLD.  Sp.  PI.  4.  p.  566.     PuRSH,  vol.  2.  p.  608.     Nutt., 

vol.  2.  p.  226.     Elliott,  vol.  2.  p.  651. 

This  native  species  of  the  genus  Stillingia,  in  the 
forests  of  East  Florida,  according  to  the  ohservations 
of  my  friend  Mr.  Ware,  becomes  a  tree,  and  attains  an 
elevation  of  30  feet.  In  Georgia,  at  Columbus,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Chatahoochee,  where  I  have  observed  it  in 
considerable  abundance,  it  only  forms  a  shrub  of  10  or 
12  feet.  Although  a  handsome  tree  or  shrub,  nearly 
evergreen,  and  resembling  the  privet  when  in  flower, 
so  far  from  being  pleasing,  it  emits  a  very  disagreeable 
odour,  almost  as  fcetid  as  carrion. 

The  bark  is  nearly  smooth  and  brownish-gray,  the 
branches  diffuse,  and  only  clad  with  leaves  tow;^  rds  the 
summits;  these  are  from  1  to  2  inches  in  length  and 
about  f  of  an  inch  in  width,  they  are  either  wholly 
lanceolate  or  oval-lanccolato,  very  smooth,  entire,  and 
acute  or  acuminated  at  either  extremity;  the  petioles  are 
about  2  or  3  lines  long.  The  tlowers  are  small,  gr^^en- 
ish-yellow,  in  lateral  and  terminal  shortish  spikes;  in 
some  specimens,  wholly  staminiferous,  in  others  with  a 
few  fertile  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  spikes.  Scale  or 
bracte  of  the  sterile  flowers  short,  ovate,  mostly  1 -flow- 
ered. Perianth  3-cleft,  stamens  generally  3,  the  filaments 
very  short.  Fertile  flower  similar.  Styles  3,  united  at 
base,  reflected;  stigmas  simple.    Capsule  3-seeded. 

VOL.  n.  9 


DRYPETES. 

(Vahl.) 


Natural  Order,  EuPHORBiACEiE  ?  ( Juss.)  Linnman  Classifi- 
cation, DkeCIA,  TeTRANDRIA  to  OcTANDRIA. 


Difficious. — Male  with  the  calyx  4  to  6  leaved,  and  unequal. 
Corolla  none.  Stami)ia  4  to  8,  cxscrtcd.  Disk  central, 
villous. — Female,  with  the  flower  as  in  the  male.  Ovary 
free,  subovate,  villous,  2-cellcd,  or  by  abortion  1-celled;  ovules 
2  in  each  cell,  pendulous.  Styles  2,  or  by  abortion  1,  short; 
stigmas  capitate,  villous.  Drupe  subovate,  villous,  dry,  1- 
celled,  1-seeded,  rarely  2-celled,  2-scedcd.  Seed  filling  up 
the  cell  of  the  fruit;  albumen  large  and  fleshy;  embryo  large, 
inverted,  straight;  cotylcdones  foliaceous. 

Trees  of  the  tropical  parts  of  America  with  alternate,  nearly 
exstipulate  leaves,  and  axillary  clusters  of  small  herbaceous 
flowers. 

SMALL  FLOWERED  DRYPETES. 


DRYPETES  CROCK  A,  foliis  ohlongo-lanccolatis  aciiminatis 
integerrimis  nitidis,  Jlore  vutsculo  4-6-andro,  /emineo 
distylo. 

Drypetes  crocea,  foliis  oblongis,  i/itegcrrimis,  nitidis,  Jlore 
viasculo  \-5-andro,  f emineo  distylo.  Poiteau,  Annalcs  du 
Museum  Hist.  Nat.  (3d  series,)  vol.  1.  p.  159.  tab.  8. 

Schjeffera  lateriflora,  Jloribus  lateralibus  apetalis. 
SwARTZ,  Flor.  Ind.  Occident.,  vol.  1.  p.  329. 

•  

This  plant,  at  Key  West,  in  East  Florida,  (according 


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to  Dr.  nio(|nr(>tf,)  l)('(M)inr^(  n  Inrun  trop.  Tlic  wootl 
nppoiirs  to  he  wliilisli  and  closc-i^riiiiird,  iiiid  tliat  of  I). 
aifui  is  very  hard,  and  inucli  cstocniod  hy  cnrpcntor.s. 
At  St.  l)oniin<ro,  Poitcau  rcmarkcul,  tliat  it  <,M'n('rally 
ficcnicd  to  prolcr  the  protecting  sinulo  of  other  largo 
trees  with  which  it  grew.  It  appears  to  he  a  very 
elegant  evergrecMi;  the  twigs  exuding  ii  slightly  aromatic 
resin,  in  small  rpiantities,  which,  spreading  over  the 
petiole  and  mid  rih  of  the  leaves,  communicates,  at 
times,  a  white  or  glaucous  hue.  The  leaf,  to  the  taste, 
is  slightly  hitter  and  astringent,  with  somc!  aroma  aris- 
ing from  the  resin  it  possesses;  and  it  has  so  much  the 
flavour  of  tea,  as  almost  to  promise  a  suc^edaneum  for 
that  favourite  beverage. 

The  bark  is  of  a  light  grey  and  warty.  The  Inves  ?ije 
from  3  to  3.J  inches  long,  and  from  1  to  Ij  wide,  entire 
or  slightly  repand,  attenuated  into  a  short  petiole,  of  a 
coriaceous  consistence.  The  surface  is  delicately  and 
lightly  reticulated  as  in  the  leaf  of  the  IJay  (Dvnn). 
The  flowers  are  small  and  numerous,  in  axillary  voui.d- 
ish  clusters;  these  in  the  male  consist  of  a  brownish- 
green  calyx  of  4  small  ovate  divisions,  pubescent  on  the 
margin,  containing  4  to  0  short  stamens.  The  calyx  of 
the  female  contains  a  germ  with  2  short  stylos  and  capi- 
tate stigmas;  there  are  2  ovules  in  each  cell;  the  di(i[)c 
is  villous,  and  when  ripe  is  of  the  colour  of  saffron, 
containing  but  a  single  seed.  The  perisperm  has  the 
hot  and  acrid  taste  of  strong  mustard,  but  is,  notwith- 
stamling,  the  particular  food  of  a  small  beetle. 

Plate  LXIII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     «.  Tl'i;  male  flower,     fi.  Tlie 
female  flower,     c.  Tlie  fruit. 


i(  ■ 


08 


GLAUCOUS  DRYPETES. 


DRYPETES  OLAUCA,  foliis  ovato-ohlons^is,  aliis  obtusius- 
culis,  remote  cremdutis,  aliis  longioribus,  infegcrrimi.9, 
acuminalis;  Jloribus  QS-andris.  Vahl.  Eclog.  Amer. 
fascic.  2.  p.  49. 

This  species  also  becomes  a  tree,  and  grows  at  Key- 
West  with  the  preceding;  it  is  likewise  indigenous  to 
Montserrat  and  Porto  Rico.  The  branches  are  cylindric, 
somewhat  angular  above,  with  the  buds  thinly  covered 
with  a  brownish  down.  The  leaves  are  very  similar  to 
those  of  the  preceding  specicL,  and  often  glaucous,  with 
a  thin  resinous  coating.  The  male  flowers  are  4  to  5- 
leaved,  with  G  to  8  stamens;  there  is  no  corolla.  The 
drupe  is  oval,  villous,  becoming  the  size  of  a  small  hazel- 
nut, with  a  suture  on  one  side,  and  terminated,  when 
young,  with  a  single,  sessile,  reniform  stigma. 

The  wood  is  probably  of  the  same  quality  as  in  the 
preceding  species. 


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HORSE-CHESTNUT. 

(Maruonieu  d'Ixde,  Fr.) 

Natural  Order,  Hipi'ocastaneve,  (Dccand.)     lAniman 
Classification,  IIeptandria,  Monogynia. 

^SCULUS,t  (Linn.) 

Calyx  tubular-campanulatc,  5-toothcd.  Pelals  4  or  5,  more  or 
less  unequal,  unguiculate.  S'/ameth'i  6  to  S,  (often  7,)  with 
separate  filaments.  Ovary  roundisli,  3-cellc(l,  with  2  collate- 
ral ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  subi^lobosc,  coriaceous,  even  or 
echinate,  1  to  3-ccllc(l.  Seeds  solitary,  large,  with  a  broad 
hilum,  and  no  albumen.     Cotyledones  subterraneous. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  North  America  and  temperate  Asia,  with 
opposite,  digitate,  serrated  leaves.  Flowers  conspicuous,  in  ter- 
minal panicles,  on  articulated  pedicels. 

§  3.  Fruit  unarmed,  leaves  stipulate,  the  tube  of  the  calyx 
at  length  cleft. — Calothyrsus. 

CALIFORNIAN  HORSE-CHESTNUT. 

iESCULUS  califormca;  staminibus  corolla  longioribus, 
petalis  4,  subxqualibus,  calycibus  tubuloso-campanulutis 
inxquali-dentatis;  thyrsus  abbreviatis  densijloris;  petiolis 
marginatis,  foliolii  quinque  ovato-lanceolatis  subelliplicis 
acutis  serrulatis  glabris  glaucescentibus,  basi  rotunda  lis 
stibcordatis. — Nutt.  in  Torr.  and  Gray.  Flora  N.  Anier., 
1.  p.  251. 

Calothyrsus  Californica.  Spach,  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  (ser.  2.) 
p.  62. 

This  is  the  only  species  hitherto  discovered  of  this 
ornamental  genus,  on  the  Western  side  of  the  American 
continent;  and  it  differs  from  the  ordinary  type  quite 
sufficient  to  constitute  a  separate  section. 


ii:  i; 


f  The  Latin  name  of  a  tree  which  furnished  iui  esculent  nul. 


•ft. 


70 


CALIb^ORNIAN  HORSE-CHESTNUT. 


I  observed  it  very  sparingly  on  the  border  of  ta  small 
stream  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Monterey,  in  Upper 
California,  flowering  in  the  month  of  March,  with  the 
usual  precocious  habit  of  the  genus.  It  appears  also  to 
liave  been  observed  in  some  part  of  California  by  IJotta, 
according  to  Spach. 

It  forms  a  low  spreading  bushy  tree,  about  15  to  20 
feet  high,  with  clusters  of  spreading  branches  issuing 
from  near  the  root,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  thicket.  The 
trunk  is  smooth  and  grey,  only  a  few  inches  in  diameter, 
and  the  wood  very  similar  to  that  of  other  species  of 
the  genus. 

The  leaves,  usually  in  5's,  have  broad  and  flat  margi- 
nated  petioles,  terminating  usually  in  2  long,  linear, 
conspicuous  and  somewhat  membranaceous  stipules;  the 
whole  cluster  of  leaves  is  also  subtended  by  several 
broad  stipules,  which  appear  to  be  the  innermost  series 
of  bud  scales,  but  they  are  quite  persistent  and  fre- 
quently terminated  by  rudiments  of  leaves;  the  inner 
leaves  of  the  flowering  branches  are  often  in  3's  or  4's. 
The  leaflets,  3  to  4  inches  long,  are  supported  upon  long 
and  slender  petioles,  beneath  they  are  pale  and  some- 
what glaucous,  everywhere  smooth,  finely  and  obtusely 
serrulated  and  acute  at  the  points,  below  they  arc 
rounded  and  sometimes  sinuated.  The  flowers  are  of  a 
pale  rose-colour  without  a  mixture  of  any  other  colour, 
and  produced  in  a  crowded,  compound  spike  or  thyrsus. 
The  calyx  is  somewhat  whitely  villous,  indistinctly  5- 
toothed,  and  at  length  cleft  down  nearly  to  the  base  on 
the  lower  side.  The  petals  appear  connivent,  with  the 
claws  shorter  than  the  calyx,  scarcely  at  all  spreading, 
and  are  generally  in  4's.  Stamens  5  or  C.  I  have  not 
seen  the  fruit,  but  the  germ  is  2  or  3-celled,  and  villous. 

Plate  LXIV. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  sizf.     a.  The  germ. 


LONG-SPIKEU  i'AVIA. 


71 


In  the  Herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
in  Philadelphia,  is  a  specimen  collected  in  Nepal  by  Dr. 
Wallich,  named  jEscuIus  indica,  which  bears  no  incon- 
siderable resemblance  to  the  present  species.  It  has  the 
same  perfectly  smooth  leaflets,  7  in  number,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  serrulate  and  acuminate,  without  stipular 
scales.  The  thyrsus  is  very  large,  compound  and  showy, 
with  a  villous  irregularly-toothed  calyx,  often  anteriorly 
cleft,  as  in  the  preceding  species.  The  petals  appear  to 
have  been  white,  4  in  number,  the  2  inner  much  nar- 
rower, with  a  fading  red  spot  in  the  centre  of  each. 
The  stamens  arc  5  to  7,  and  much  exscrted;  the  fruit 
without  spines,  is  therefore  a  Pavia.  I  find  no  descrip- 
tion or  allusion  to  this  magnificent  species,  which  well 
deserves  a  place  in  gardens,  and  is  probably  hardy. 

In  passing,  I  must  remark,  that  no  two  species  of  the 
genus  are  more  perfectly  distinct  from  each  other  than 
the  JE.  Oldocnsis  of  Dccandolle  and  Michaux  (Pavia  of 
the  latter),  and  the  jE.  glabra.  The  Ohiocnsis  becomes 
a  lofty  tree,  with  5  or  more  remarkably  long  leaflets, 
(7  to  9  inches  long,)  acuminated  at  each  end,  and  be- 
neath more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  along  the  ribs. 
The  flowers  are  also  white  and  showy,  not  green  or 
yellowish-green,  and  inconspicuous  as  in  the  constantly 
dwarf  plant  known  as  JE.  glabra. 

Long-Spiked  Pavia  {^sculiis  macrostachya,  Mich.) 
This  elegant  and  very  distinct  Pavia  grows  abundantly 
in  all  the  lower  parts  of  Alabama  and  West  Florida. 
The  fruit,  like  all  the  rest  of  the  genus,  is  inedible  and 
bitter,  and  in  place  of  food,  aflfords  a  pretty  good  fish- 
poison.  The  fa)cula  of  the  seeds  of  all  the  species  can 
be  manufactured  into  starch. 


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SOAP-BERRY    TREE. 

(Savonnieh,  Fr.) 

Natural  Order,  Sapindack^e.     (.Tussicii.)     Linmmn 
Classification,  Octandria,  Tiiigynia. 

SAPINDUS,  (Linn.) 

Sepals  (or  calyx  leaves)  4  to  5.  Petals  4  or  5,  glandular  or 
bearded  within,  or  with  a  lateral  filament  at  the  summit  of  the 
claw.  Stamens  8  to  10,  with  the  filaments  villous.  Styles 
combined,  stii>;mas  3.  Carpels  3,  gloI)ose,  fleshy,  connate,  2 
of  them  in  general  abortive.  Seed  large  and  spherical,  one  in 
each  carpel  (or  small  capsule). 

The  plants  of  this  genus  arc  small  trees,  with  the  present  ex- 
ceptions, and  one  of  doubtful  character  in  Japan,  all  inhabitants 
of  the  tropical  climates  of  America  and  India.  The  leaves  arc 
without  stipules,  abruptly  pinnate,  or  unequally  pinnate  by  the 
abortion  of  the  last  pair  of  leaflets.  The  flowers  are  small  and 
whitish,  very  numerous,  disposed  in  racemes  or  panicles.  The 
pulp  of  the  berries  in  all  the  species  is  saponaceous.  (The  name 
is  a  contraction  oi  Sapo-indicus,  or  Indian  soap.) 

FLORIDA  SOAP-BERRY. 

SAPINDUS  MARGiNATus,  rac/ii  sitperne  anguste  marginala, 

foliolis  gtabris  insequilaleratis  lanceolatis  suft/afeatis  ucii- 

minalis    5-6   Jifgis,   paniculis    cotnpositis    terminalil)us, 

peialis  inappendicnlatis. 
Sapindus  marginatus.     VVilld.  Enumcr.  p.  432.     Decand. 

Prod.,  vol.  1.  p.  607.     Torrey  and  Gray,  vol.  1.  p.  255. 
Sapindus    saponuria.     Lamarck's  Illust.  tab.    307.      Mich. 

Flora  Bor.  Am.    1.   p.  243.     Pursii.  Flor.,  vol.   1.  p.   274. 

NuTT.  Gen.  Am.  1.  p.  257.    Elliott's  Sketches,  Bot.,  vol.  1. 

p.  460.     S.  inasgiialis.     Decand.,  vol.  1.  p.  608. 

This  elegant  tree,  exclusively  indigenous  to  the  United 


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States,  is  fomid  aloni^  the  coast  of  (icorj^ia  and  I'lorida, 
niid  ill  tlio  interior  as  far  as  Aikansaw.  It  varies  in  li('i<,dit 
from  20  to  .^()  Irot  and  sonuitiinos  even  to  10  Icot.  IJraneliea 
erect  and  smooth;  the  leaves  smooth  and  shinin;^,  com- 
posed of  4  to  1)  pair  of  alternate,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
8ublhlcatc  leaflets.  I'anicles  of  flowers  large,  dense,  termi- 
nal and  axillary. 

Uerries  about  the  si/c  of  a  cherry,  with  a  sa[)onaccous 
pulp,  usually  only  one  of  the  three  carpels  fertile. 

The  S.  saponuria  of  the  West  Indies,  to  which  this  spe- 
cies is  allied,  has  louf?  been  in  use  by  the  natives  for  the 
purposes  of  soap.  The  fleshy  covering  of  the  seed,  and 
also  the  root  in  some  measure,  makes  an  excellent  lather  in 
water;  but  if  used  too  impiently  and  of  too  great  strength, 
is  apt  to  burn  and  injure  the  texture  of  the  cloth. 

The  round  black  seeds  were  at  one  time  largely  imported 
into  England,  for  the  purpose  of  making  buttons  for  waist- 
coats, being  durable  and  not  apt  to  break. 

At  present  they  arc  used  in  the  West  Indies  for  various 
ornamental  purposes,  being  tipped  with  silver  or  gold,  and 
strung  for  beads,  crosses,  tVc.  It  is  also  used  as  a  medi- 
cine, and  pounded  and  thrown  into  wafer,  has  the  singular 
property  of  intoxicating  and  killing  the  lish  w  hich  niay  be 
there. 

The  wood  is  soft  and  not  very  durable. 

Plati:  LXV. 

Roprcscnts  a  brnucli  of  the  natural  size.     a.  A  iiaiiirli-  ofMowfM's. 


If 


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74 


M  E  L  I  C  0  C  C  A,*    (Browne,  Llnn.) 
(Knepier,  Fr.) 

Natural  Order,  Sapindace.e.     Linnccan  Classification,  Oc- 

TANDlllA,  MONOGYNIA. 

Flowers  polygamoits.  Cah/x  4  to  S-partcil,  persistent.  Pjtals,  the  same 
number  with  tlic  divisions  of  the  eul yx  inserted  into  a  li}  pogynous  disc. 
Staninis  olten  8.  OiYt/v/ superior,  mostly  3-cclled.  Sd/lc  1,  the  stigma 
capitate  or  3-lobcd.  .JJf/qjc  coated,  mostly  1-cclled,  1-seedcd.  Seed 
attached  to  the  axis  of  the  cell. 


K 


Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  of  tropical  America,  with  equally  pinnated, 
alternate  leaves,  usually  in  2  to  3  pairs,  and  entire.  The  dowers  small, 
disposed  in  axillary  or  terminal  spikes  or  panicles ;  the  fruit  with  a  suc- 
culent pulp. 

ROUND  FRUITED  HONEY-BERRY,  or  GENIP 

TREE. 

MELICOCCA  I'.vNicuL.VT.v,  foUis  2>i'i/ititis,  2-')-Jitgis,  foHolls  ohhmgn. 
laaccolatls  in/rgris,  Jloribas  2/ic/iici(lu(ii>  stibcoriiinbotils  laxis,  3-2>ciaiis 
dn/pis  sjjh'Cficis, 

MEhJcovcx  jjaniculata.  Jv;-s.,  :Mom.  Mas.  Hist.  Nat.,  vol.  3,  p.  1ST,  t.  5. 
Decand.  Prod.  vol.  1,  p.  Glu. 

This  species,  nearly  allied  to  the  common  IIoncy-Berry 
of  the  West  Indies,  (3/.  bijuga),  was  discovered  in  St. 
Domingo  by  M.  Poiteau,  and  of  which  a  very  excellent 

*Prom  |M,fA,/,  honey,  and  K9X»«?  a  hcrnj,  in  allusion  to  the  sweetness  of 
its  fruit. 


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HONEY  BERRY. 


75 


figure  is  given  by  Jussicu,  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History.  Dr.  Blodgctt  has  also  met  with  it  on 
Key  West,  where  it  becomes  a  large  tree.  Of  the  nature 
of  the  wood  we  are  not  informed.  The  fruit  of  the  com- 
mon species  is  said  to  be  about  the  size  of  a  large  plum, 
and  green;  containing  a  sweet,  acid,  and  slightly  astringent, 
gelatinous  pulp,  resembling  the  yolk  of  an  egg.  The  berry 
of  the  present  kind  appears  to  be  wlioily  similar,  but  it  is 
spherical  instead  of  ovate.  The  nuts  of  the  Genip  Tree 
are  also  eaten,  after  being  roasted  in  the  manner  of  ches- 
nuts.  The  flowers  appear  in  April,  when  the  leaves  arc 
shed,  and  are  very  fragrant,  even  at  a  distance,  attracting 
fc:warms  of  bees  and  humming  birds.  This  species,  accord- 
ing .J  Browne,  was  brought  to  the  West  Indies  from  Suri- 
nam. 

The  wood  of  the  Mclicocca  trijuga,  {Scldcichcra  trijvga 
Willd.)  of  the  isles  of  France  and  Bourbon,  is  so  hard  and 
fine  grained  as  to  afford  to  the  natives  a  favourite  wood 
for  bows,  arrows,  and  the  shafts  of  their  spears,  called 
sagayc's.  The  M.  hijuga  becomes  a  large  and  beautiful 
tree  30  to  40  feet  high,  aflbrding  an  extensive  and  grateful 
shade.  The  bark  of  the  branches  in  the  Florida  plant,  are 
brownish  an  1  rough,  with  small  whitish  excrescences.  The 
leaves  are  smooth  on  botli  surfaces,  (in  the  St.  Domingo 
specimens,  a  little  pubescent  on  the  mid  rib  beneath,)  of  a 
dark  shining  green  above,  and  scarcely  any  paler  beneath. 
I'hey  are  pinnated  usually  in  2  pairs,  rarely  3  or  only  1 
pair,  3  to  3^  inches  long,  by  from  1  to  H  of  an  inch  wide, 
w  ith  the  main  petiole  about  half  an  inch  long ;  they  arc 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  usually  obtuse,  delicately  feather 
veined,  with  the  vessels  running  together  and  reticulating 
below  the  margin.  The  flowers  are  small  and  disposed  in 
axillary,  but  chiefly  terminal  panicles.  The  calyx  is  tomen- 
tosc,  with  5  obtuse,  ovate,  spreading  and  reflected  seg- 
ments ;  the  petals,  5,  arc  smaller,  pale  yellow,  and  narrowed 


r:rl,i 


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I      ! 


76 


HONEY   BERRY. 


below  into  a  minute  claw.  Stamens,  C  to  10;  often  8; 
shorter  in  the  fertile  flowers,  and  in  them  usually  6.  Germ 
ovate.  Style  distinct,  with  a  capitate,  somewhat  .3-lobed 
stigma.  Drupe  spherical,  1  seeded,  coated  with  a  dry, 
rather  brittle  integument,  externally  yellowish. 


Plate  LXVI. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  male  flower. 
c.  A  cluster  of  the  drupes  about  half  grown. 


h.  The  female  do. 


t      ! 


I      i 


Common  Ailantiius.  {Axlantlius  glandidosa.')  This  tree, 
originally  from  China,  is  now  commonly  cultivated  for  its 
shade,  in  towns  in  many  parts  of  the  United  States.  It 
grows  with  great  rapidity,  and  produces  a  giCtit  deal  of 
wood,  which  is  found  to  be  of  a  close  grain,  and  capable 
of  acquiring  a  fine  polish.  In  tliis  State,  it  somewhat 
resembles  satin-wood.  \V  ith  its  durability  I  am  unac- 
quainted; but  if  found  useliil,  it  might  be  cultivated  or 
planted  over  waste  lands  in  the  southern  and  middle  States 
with  advantage. 


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M  A  r  L  E  S. 

(r-«Aiii,i;,  Fr.) 
Natural  Order,  Acerinea:.    (Decand.)   Linmtan  Cktssijica- 

tion  ;    PoLYGAiMlA  or  Ol  TAiNDUIA,  MONOUYNIA. 

ACKR.*       (^TouitN'RFORT.) 

Flowers  I'OLYcJAMors. — Tim  aili/.c  O-loliud,  or  5  piirtoi].  rdnh  5  or  none. 
Stamens  rarely  5,  often  7  to  l» ;  ori/  ./  'J.loljtil,  stigmas  2.  SunKine 
or  poricarps  in  pairs,  wiiiircd,  uiiil  Iimhc;  each,  by  aljortion,  1  or 

rarely  ii-sLciled,  tlio  wings  ol"  tlw;  [-  ,icarp  lanceolate  and  diverging, 
thicker  and  hUiiit  on  tli(.'  outer  margin.  Eiiiliri/n  curved,  with  wrinkled 
leafy  cotyludones,  an  I  tin  inlerior  radicle:  (dlnuncn  none. 

Trees  and  sliruhs  of  temperate  climates,  cliiefly  of  F.nropo  and  North 
America,  the  leaves  opposite  as  well  as  the  br.anches,  palmtitely  lohed. 
Flowers  clustered,  or  pendulously  racemose,  arising  from  buds  of  the  pre- 
ceding season,  mostly  lateral. 

LARGE  LEAVED  ]\LVPLE. 

ACF>R  JiACHoniYLLUM  ;  foUis  (Ugitdlo-'i-lnhis,  auinlms  rnliindatis,  loins 
subtrilolxiLis  rcjximJo-dcnkUls,  siddis  p/dH'xcadi/iits,  nnrinis  crcclis,Jila- 
mentis  9,  hlrsulis,  ovuriis  ItirsKllsauuis.  Plksh.  Flor.  Amcr.  JSepl. 
vol.  1,  p.  267.     Dkianu.  Frod.  vol.  1,  p.  .'iiJl. 

AcEU  MACiioi'HYLLT-M ;  Icavcs  large,  very  deeply  .'j-lohed ;  lobes  oblong 
or  slightly  cuncilorm,  entire,  or  sinuately  .'Mobed,  the  margins  some- 
what I'epand;  racemes  nodding;  (lowers  rather  larger ;  petals  obovatc; 
fruit  hispid,  with  elongated  slightly  diverging  glabrous  wings.  Touukv 
and  Gkay,  Flora  N.  Amcr.  vol.  1,  p.  240. 

AcEK  Macnyplujlluni.  IIookkk's  Flora  Boretdi  Americana,  vol.  1,  p.  112, 
t.  38. 

*From  the  Latin,  iicci\  sharp ;  the  wood  having  been  used  for  pikes  or 
lances. 


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Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  M580 

(716)872-4303 


4' 


78 


LARGE  LEAVED  MAPLE. 


The  topographical  range  of  this  splendid  species  of  Ma- 
ple, wholly  indigenous  to  the  north-west  coast  of  America 
or  the  territory  of  Oregon,  is  a  somewhat  narrow  strip 
along  the  coast  of  the  Pacific,  not  extending  into  the  inte- 
rior beyond  the  alluvial  tracts  of  the  Oregon,  which  com- 
mence at  the  second  cataracts  of  that  river,  (known  by  the 
name  of  the  Dalles,)  and  at  the  distance  of  about  130  miles 
from  the  sea.  To  the  north,  it  extends  probably  to  the 
latitude  of  50°,  or  the  borders  of  Fraser's  river,  and  although 
by  Decandolle,  it  is  said  to  extend  to  Upper  Cahfornia  on 
the  south,  we  did  not  observe  it  in  the  vicinity  of  Monterey; 
and  therefore  conclude  that  its  utmost  boundary  in  this 
direction  must  be  to  St.  Francisco,  in  about  the  38th  degree 
of  latitude.  This  fine  species  was  discovered  by  Menzies, 
and  afterwards  collected  by  Lewis  and  Clarke.  It  nowhere 
presents  a  more  interesting  appearance  to  the  traveller  than 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  falls  of  the  Oregon ;  its 
dense  shade,  due  to  the  great  magnitude  of  its  foliage  and 
lofty  elevation,  as  well  as  the  wide  extent  of  its  spreading 
summit,  are  greatly  contrasted  with  the  naked,  woodless 
plains  of  that  river,  which  continue  unintei  ruptedly  to  the 
mountains ;  a  tract  over  which  the  traveller  seeks  in  vain 
for  shade  or  shelter,  and  where  the  fuel  requisite  to  cook 
his  scanty  meal,  has  to  be  collected  from  the  accidental 
drift  wood  which  has  been  borne  down  from  the  distant 
mountains  of  its  sources. 

The  largest  trunks  of  this  species  that  we  have  seen, 
were  on  the  rich  alluvial  plains  of  the  Wahlamet,  and 
particularly  near  to  its  confluence  with  the  Tlacamas  ;  here 
we  saw  trees  from  50  to  90  feet  in  height,  with  a  circum- 
ference of  8  to  16  feet.  It  appears  always  to  affect  the 
drier  and  more  elevated  tracts,  where  the  soil  is  well 
drained. 

The  wood,  like  that  of  the  Sugar  Maple,  exhibits  the 
most  beautiful  variety  in  its  texture ;  some  of  it  being  undu- 


LARGE  LEAVED  MAPLE. 


79 


lated  or  curled, — other  portions  present  the  numerous  con- 
centric spots  which  constitute  the  Bird's-eye  Maple ;  and 
so  frequent  is  this  structure,  that  nearly  every  large  tree 
which  was  cut  down  afforded  one  or  otherof  these  varieties 
of  wood.  As  yet,  in  those  roinotc  and  unsettled  regions,  it 
has  only  afforded  a  beautiful  and  curious  material  for  the 
gun-stock  of  the  savage  or  the  hunter.  Like  the  Sugar 
Maple  also,  it  affords  an  abundance  of  saccharine  sap, 
which  to  an  infant  settlement,  may  one  day  be  turned  to 
advantage.  As  an  ornamental  plant,  it  stands  pre-eminent ; 
and  from  the  latitude  it  occupies  it  must  be  entirely  hardy 
in  every  part  of  Europe  below  the  latitude  of  60°.  The 
young  trees  are  often  tall,  slender  and  graceful,  and  when 
in  blossom,  which  is  about  the  month  of  April,  present  a 
very  imposing  appearance,  clad  with  numerous  drooping 
racemes  of  rather  conspicuous  yellowish  and  somewhat 
fragrant  flowers.  At  an  after  period,  the  spreading  sum- 
mit of  deep  green  leaves,  each  near  a  foot  in  diameter, 
affords  an  impervious  and  complete  shade.  The  fruit  or 
carpels  are  also  larger  than  usual,  and  have  the  remark- 
able character  of  being  clothed,  even  when  ripe,  with 
strong  hispid  hairs.  The  flowers,  irregular  in  the  number 
of  their  parts,  present  often  as  many  as  10  sepals,  in  two 
rows,  and  the  same  number  of  stamens.  The  carpels  or 
sced-vesocls  also  grow  sometimes  as  many  as  3  together. 

According  to  Loudon,  specimens  of  the  timber,  which 
were  sent  home  by  Douglas,  exhibit  a  grain  scarcely  infe- 
rior in  beauty  to  the  finest  satin  wood.  A  tree  grown  in 
the  London  Horticultural  Society's  Garden,  had  in  1835, 
attained  the  height  of  25  feet,  and  it  makes,  when  well  cul- 
tivated, annual  shoots  of  from  6  to  10  feet  in  length,  and 
plants  are  to  be  had  in  London  at  half  a  crown  a-piece. 
It  deserves  to  be  cultivated  also  in  the  United  States,  as  it 
is  one  of  the  most  useful  and  ornamental  trees  of  the  genus, 


80 


HOUND   LRAVKl)   MAPLK. 


I  Hi 


II 


;< 


and  at  tlic  same  time  perfectly  liardy  in  all  temperate  cli- 
mates. 

Plate  LXVIl. 
A  leaf  of  llic  natural  size,    a.  The  raceme  of  flowers,    b.  The  fruit. 


ROUND  LEAVED  MAPLE. 

A(;f.r  ciarixATUM ;  foUis  orhiriilalis  Ixisi  sidicorddtis  l-lohls  incrqiialiter 
acute •clentat is  vtrinquc  ^/abris,  iicfcis  vcnisqiic  (ul  arillds  j)dosis. 
PuKsii.  Flor.  Amcr.  Sept.  1,  p.  2G7.  IIookeu.  Flor.  Bcr.  Am.  1,  p. 
112,  t.  39. 

AcEK  ciRcixATUM ;  Icavcs  cordate,  7  to  O-lobod,  tlic  nerves  all  radiating 
directly  from  the  apex  of  tin  petiole ;  lobes  very  acutely  serrate,  with  a 
slender  acumination ;  corymb  lew  flowered;  petals  ovate  or  linear, 
shorter  than  the  calyx ;  fruit  glabrous,  with  oblong  divaricate  wings. 
ToRKEY  and  Gray,  Flor.  Amer.  1,  p.  247. 

This  remarkable  species,  like  the  preceding,  is  confined 
to  a  narrow  district  along  the  coast  of  the  Pacific,  bounded, 
according  to  the  observations  of  Mr.  Douglas,  between  the 
latitudes  of  43°  and  49°.  It  is  certain  that  we  did  not  meet 
with  it  in  any  part  of  Upper  California,  and  it  is  therefore 
fully  as  hardy  as  the  preceding.  Though  much  more 
singular  in  mode  of  growth  and  general  appearance,  it 
has  nothing  of  its  imposing  grandeur.  The  trunk,  which 
is  smooth,  only  attains  the  height  of  15  to  40  feet.  It 
aflfects  the  lowest  alluvial  flats,  that  escape  the  influence  of 
the  periodical  inundations  to  which  the  rivers  it  borders 
are  subject ;  here  the  stems  arise  in  clusters  of  4  or  5  toge- 
ther, conjoined  at  the  root,  from  whence  they  spread  out  in 
wide  curves,  sending  off"  slender  spreading  branches,  that 
often  on  touching  the  ground  strike  out  roots,  and  give 
rise  to  offsets  so  numerous  and  so  entangled,  as  almost 


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ill  u   u)  •^r\   i-.M-i  v.-    I  iM'.r  (,:i;.:'  r!:i:u  ana  it  r   ih-.  fi" -r*- 


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'  a--  iiOthiu!/ lit'  ii:i  i.,>in>-in:i  !: ^m ;'.■!• 'ur,      i'h-;  ti-iii'c,  \' iiiv'i; 

^         ,.     ,     ;:■■.•.;.:.;   11!;:;, ■_f   ft!'"      'Ivwii    vi-j:     !••..      bl"'<''   ';•*••,    IIKm 
.•..      },-,  ■  ,'r.(;;  .      .,i      ,11,;,.  J-,,, 1-^    ..;  'J       •>    (  :  I ! : ' !!- i<ji  i,    il^    aluiOH! 


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Ic'pr  Cinriiiatum  1         i'^ 

ttotitui  ifoi  ■»  //.  tluph  VraUt  Cirrint.  /^ 


ROUND  LEAVRD  MAPLR. 


81 


wholly  to  obstruct  the  progress  of  the  hunter  through  tlio 
forest,  the  dense  shade  it  also  produces  excludes  nearly 
every  other  vegetable,  and  its  curved  and  interlaced  trunks, 
like  those  of  the  Mangrove,  form  a  kindred  forest  some- 
times of  several  acres  in  extent.  It  is  this  singular  tree, 
chiefly  in  connection  with  the  Large  Leaved  Maple,  which 
on  descending  the  Oregon,  at  the  Lower  Falls,  first  pre- 
sents us  with  the  phenomena  of  a  forest,  and  that  too  of 
the  most  impervious  shade,  and  which  in  low  situations, 
continues  to  accompany  us  even  into  the  heart  of  the  Pino 
forest,  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 

According  to  Douglas,  the  wood  is  fine,  white,  close- 
grained,  tough,  and  susceptible  of  a  good  polish^  and  like 
that  of  the  Red  Maple,  it  sometimes  presents  a  beautiful 
curled  fibre.  From  the  slender  branches,  the  aborigines 
make  the  hoops  of  their  large  scoop-nets  eniployed  in  taking 
the  salmon  at  the  rapids,  and  in  the  contracted  parts  of 
the  river  to  which  they  ascend. 

The  leaves  of  this  species  are  of  a  delicate  and  thin  con- 
sistence, and  from  their  nearly  equal  and  numerous  points, 
with  the  straight  direction  of  the  ribs,  present  the  appear- 
ance of  small  outspread  fans.  At  the  extremities  of  the 
twigs,  when  the  leaves  are  almost  fully  grown,  in  the 
month  of  May,  come  out  the  scattered  clusters  of  (lowers, 
which  at  a  little  distance  appear  red  from  the  colour  ol  the 
calyx.  The  fruit  its-  iT,  or  winged  capsules,  also  appear  of 
a  bright  and  lively  red,  md  have  a  peculiarity  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  wings,  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  peduncle 
or  flower  stalk,  which  does  not  exist  in  any  other  of  our 
species. 

Judging  merely  from  the  very  brief  specific  character  of 
the  Acer  Septcmlohum  of  Japan,  as  described  by  Thunberg, 
we  should  imagine  there  existed  in  that  species  no  inconsi- 
derable afiinity  with  our  plant, 
11 


'I'i 


I    i 


82  MOUNTAIN  HUr.AU   MAPLK. 

Platk  i.wni. 

A  twig  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  fertile  flowers,    h.  The  male  do. 


MOUNTAIN  SUC^AR  MAPLE. 


i^i 


!, 


11  ■ 


!  1 


ACER  OHANDIDENTATUM,  leavcs  sljirlitly  corilufr  or  tninrnto  at  the  base, 
with  a  minute  sinus  ;  puboscont  benotitii ;  ratiier  ilcrply  S-lobcd,  the 
sinuses  broad  and  rounded  ;  lobes  arute  with  a  few  sinuous  indenta- 
tions ;  corymb  nearly  sessile,  few  flowered  ;  the  pedicels  noddinrf ;  fruit 
glabrous,  with  small  diver;,ring  winus.  Nittall  in  ToiinKY  and  Guay, 
Flora,  N.  Amer.  1,  p.  247.  A.  harhatum  1  Douol.  in  Hook.  Flora, 
Bor.  Amer.  1.  c.  (not  of  Michaux.) 

This  species,  nearly  related  to  the  Common  Sugar 
Maple,  occurs  in  the  high  valleys  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
nearly  in  the  same  situations  with  the  Currant  Leaved 
species,  forming  small  groves  by  themselves,  remarkable 
for  the  delicate  paleness  of  their  verdure,  and  filling,  appa- 
rently, situations  occupied  by  scarcely  anj  other  forest 
trees  but  the  trembling  and  large  toothed  Poplars.  They 
never  attain  the  magnitude  of  the  true  Sugar  Maple,  all 
that  we  saw  being  mere  saplings  of  18  to  20  feet  high, 
and  but  little  thicker  than  a  man's  leg,  with  a  smooth  pale 
bark.  The  leaves  are  also  smaller,  as  well  as  the  winged 
capsules,  and  the  leaves,  when  adult,  are  still  rather  softly 
hairy  beneath,  and  with  both  surfaces  nearly  of  the  same 
colour ;  the  pedicels  and  base  of  the  calyx  are  also  hairy. 
From  the  affinities  of  this  species,  there  can  be  little  doubt 
but  that  it  might  be  employed,  as  far  as  it  goes,  for  all  the 
purposes  to  which  the  Sugar  Maple  is  applicable,  and  pro- 
bably in  some  of  the  richer  and  lower  lands,  it  may  attain 
a  sufficient  growth  for  economical  purposes. 

This  species  is,  doubtless,  the  Acer  harhatum  of  Douglas, 


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ti>j<'V  iiiSU':!' '1,  n!-  i  •■•>'!'  o  I't  -:;i '■;•■•  ii'"-;n'v  ';  tin;  -.nl-;!' 
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DRUMMOND'S  MAPLE. 


83 


not  of  Michaux,  (wliich  is  indeed  a  nonentity  made  of  frag- 
ments of  several  species.)  lie  found  it  growing  in  valleys, 
near  springs,  on  the  West  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
near  the  sources  of  the  Columbia.  We  also  met  with  it  in 
a  lofty  ravine  on  the  3  Butcs,  two  days  march  to  the  west 
of  Lewis's  River.  The  real  Sugar  Maple  is  said  by  Torrey 
and  Gray,  to  grow  as  far  west  as  Arkansas  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 


I  111 
i  '^i 

\  iri 


Platk  LXIX. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  sizu  with  tlic  fruit. 


I'  1 1 


DRUMMOND'S  MAPLE. 


ACER  DRUMMONDii,  foUis  corclatls  mnjusculis,  3-5-lobatis  subtiis  tomcn- 
tosis  caticsccntibus  lohis  acutis  fastigiatis  inccqiialUcr  incisO'cfentatis, 
jjcdicellis  clongatis,  ffuctibus  glabris,  alls  lato  lanccolatis  viz  divcrgcn. 
tibus. 

Acer  dkummondii,  Hooker  and  Aniott,  in  Journ.  Botan.  p.  199. 

AcEK  UVBRUM,  y?    Toneij  and  Gray^  Flora  N.  Amcr,  vol.  1,  p.  684. 

This  fine  species  of  Maple  was  discovered  by  Drum- 
moiid  and  Professor  Carpenter,  in  Louisiana.  It  is  found 
exclusively  in  very  low  swamps,  generally  subject  to  inun- 
dation, and  flowers  in  February,  3  weeks  earlier  than  any 
other  species  in  the  same  country,  according  to  Professor 
Carpenter;  he  met  with  it  more  particularly  in  the  swamps 
of  Opelousas. 

This  tree,  though  allied  to  the  Red  Maple,  appears  to  be 
sufficiently  distinct  from  that  species,  as  well  by  its  general 
appearance  as  its  geographical  range,  as  yet  being  only 
known  to  the  swamps  of  Louisiana.  I  have  also  been  told 
of  its  existence  in  the  province  of  Texas. 


dl 


\'']\ 


.:.1 


84 


DRUMMOND'S  MAPLE. 


Tlio  bark  of  the  small  branches  appears  to  be  light 
brown ;  the  young  shoots,  petioles,  and  the  lower  sitle  of 
the  leaves,  are  clothed  even  when  adult,  with  a  white,  soft, 
and  woolly  pubescence,  which  when  removed  from  the 
foliage,  leaves  a  glaucous  surface;  above  they  are  smooth. 
The  leaves  arc  3  to  4.^  inches  long,  by  4  or  5  wide,  with  3 
to  5  rather  short  lobes,  having  acute  sinuses,  the  lower 
lobes  are  small  and  obtuse,  the  terminal  ones  acute,  but 
scarcely  acuminate,  and  the  central  lobe  scarcely  longer 
than  the  rest ;  the  base  of  the  leaf,  when  fully  grown,  is 
auriculatcd  with  a  small  sinus,  the  margin  is  irregularly 
serrated  and  toothed,  with  the  serratures  and  teeth  distant 
and  often  obtuse.  The  fruit  situated  on  long  smooth  clus- 
tered peduncles  is  at  first  divergent  at  an  acute  angle,  at 
length  almost  convergent  by  the  inner  enlargement  of  the 
wing  of  the  carpel,  which  is  broadly  lanceolate,  strongly 
veined  and  confluent  below,  down  to  the  juncture  of  the 
fruit.  The  wings  of  the  samara,  are,  at  first,  reddish,  at 
length  brown.  The  adult  samara  is  from  1^  to  If  of  an 
inch  long,  and  about  I  an  inch  wide. 

Plate  LXX. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  with  a  cluster  of  the  fruit  in  a  young  state, 

and  the  adult  samara. 


tc, 


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85 


CURRANT  LI:AVEI)  MAPLE. 


AC'I"iR  TiiirAiiTrTrM  ;  fnUis  siihi-niif»rtni.-nil>iriil'i,-is  fri/i'h's  trljwi-lilia  rr, 
Idciniis  invixo-dnihtlis,  mrfliit  cinicllhniiihiis  sii/i/ufid/is,  hitciiili  siili. 
rhomhii/kn,  rdtTniisco/ipufmis  ;  fi-ucUhas  glahris,  uUs  /jtcvissimis  talis 
cu7i('(ito-ov(iUhus  (livcnivntihKs. 

Ac'EU  trijxii-lllnm ;  loaves  with  a  siibrcnil()rm  orhiculnr  outline,  fl-clcfl  or 
S-partcd ;  sci;mcnts  incist-ly  toothed ;  tho  midiJIc  ono  ciincilbrm,  often 
slightly  lubod,  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  rhomboidal ;  rnccnics  corym- 
Lose  ;  Iriiit  irlabrous,  with  very  short  and  broad  ciincatc.oval  diver<Mn<' 
wings.    NiTTALL  in  Toukey  and  GiiAv's  Flora  Dor.  Am.  1,  p.  ^47. 

This  singular  shrub,  which  we  introduce  into  the  Sylva 
of  the  United  States,  to  complete  the  history  of  the  Maples, 
was  discovered  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  range,  in  about  tho 
latitude  of  40°,  within  the  line  of  Upper  California,  in  the 
narrow  valleys  and  ravines  occupying  the  lofty  hills  near 
the  borders  of  Bear  River,  which  passes  into  the  lake  of 
Timpanagos.  It  appeared  to  be  a  scarce  species,  confined 
to  an  alpine  region,  for  we  found,  by  observing  the  boiling 
point  of  water,  that  the  plains  themselves,  stretching  far 
and  wide  like  interminable  meadows  or  steppes,  were 
elevated  between  6  and  7000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean. 

At  a  little  distance,  this  diminutive  species  might  have 
been  taken  for  a  currant  bush  both  in  the  size  of  the  plant 
and  by  its  leaves.  It  formed  small  clumps  on  the  declivities; 
of  the  mountains,  where  some  moisture  still  remained  amid 
the  drought  which  constantly  prevails  throughout  the 
summer  in  this  western  mountain  tract.  From  the  cool 
and  elevated  region  occupied  by  this  species,  it  is  certain 
that  it  might  be  cultivated  in  all  the  temperate  parts  of 
Europe  and  the  United  States,  as  a  matter  of  curiosity,  if 
not  of  beauty.  The  leaves,  divided  down  to  the  base,  make 


80 


CURRANT  LEAVED  MAPLE. 


nn  approjicli  in  liabit  to  tlio  gonus  Ncgundo  or  Box  Elder, 
tliou;r|i  ill  otlicr  respects  dill'erent. 

The  height  of  this  species  is  not  more  than  about  3  feet. 
The  leaves  have  petioles  longer  than  themselves.  The 
branches  arc  whitish,  and  smooth,  as  is  every  other  part  of 
the  plant ;  the  leaves  of  a  dark  glossy  green.  The  winged 
fruit  is  small,  and  in  proportion  w  ith  the  reduced  stature  of 
the  species ;  having  the  wings  broad  even  at  the  base,  so 
as  to  leave  between  them  an  unusually  small  sinus.  Bud 
scales  broad,  ovate,  villous  within. 

Japan  again  affords,  apparently,  an  analogous  species  to 
the  present  in  the  Acer  trijidum  of  Thunbcrg,  but  in  this 
the  leaves  are  also  entire  as  well  as  trilid,  and  the  divi- 
sions themselves  entire.  It  is  also  marked  as  becoming  a 
tree. 

Plate   LXXI. 

A  Ijiuucli  of  the  imtuml  si/c. 


DWARF  MAPLE. 


ACER  OLAnnuM;  foUls  snhrotinz'fis,  Z-T->.1nh<itis  hasi  tnoicn/is,  lohis  incisis 
(wule  tktitiiiis  utrlnqKC  glahris,  conjmhis  2^''fnit'^^if<itixi  fntctibus 
glahris,  alls  crcctis  si/Mnvatis  hixvihiis  ;  2Kti.olis  Jh/iis  brcvioribas. 

Acer  ghihniiii,  Toiirkv,  Am.  Lyceum  N.  York  2,  p.  172. 

Ac'KU  oLAUKUM ;  Icavcs  nearly  orbicular,  truncate  or  subcordatc  at  base, 
3  to  5^  lobod ;  lobes  short  and  broad,  acutely  incised  and  toothed ; 
flowers  in  a  corymbose  raceme,  fruit  glabrous,  the  wings  very  short  and 
broad,  somewhat  obovato,  nearly  erect.  Tokbey  and  Gbay,  FJor.  N. 
Amer.  vol.  1.  p.  247. 

This  diminutive  species,  closely  related  to  the  Currant 
Leaved  Maple,  was  met  with  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  by 


DWAUF   MAI'I.M. 


87 


Doctor  .Inniofl,  in  nhont  lln>  l.ilitiulo  of  10  .  fn  sizo  and 
Ibrm,  tho  Iriivcs  roprniltN!  tlio  conniion  ciwrant,  and  arc 
poniowhiil  smaller  than  in  tlii!  preceding,' ;  tluy  arc  smooth, 
and  commonly  .MolK'd,  with  very  acntn  and  narrow  .sinnscs 
>vliich  scarnoly  extend  down  to  the  middle  of  the  leaf;  iho 
lohes  arc  broader  than  lon<x,  blunt,  and  often  subdivided 
into  2  or  3  lesser  parts.  Tho  petioles  arc  shorter  than  tho 
leaves.  The  flowers  about  0,  in  a  short  undudlatc  raccMuc. 
Stamens  and  linear  obtuse  sepals,  quite  smooth.  Stamens 
about  8,  with  the  same  immber  of  sepals.  The  win;;s  of 
the  fruit  approach  the  si/c  of  those  of  the  I'uropean  Acer 
campcslrc,  or  a  little  shorter,  but  broader  and  more  obtuse. 
Douglas  also  found  the  same  species,  (according  to  T.  i^: 
Cray,)  growing  in  the  Illuc  Mountains  of  Oregon,  which 
arc  about  40  miles  east  of  the  Oregon  or  Columbia  River. 

Wc  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  figuring  this  species, 
the  specimens  being  too  imperfect. 

In  regard  to  the  geographical  limits  of  the  N.  American 
Maples ;  the  A.  dasycarpum^  or  winrR  mai'lk,  so  abundant 
along  all  the  great  western  streams,  also  continues  into  the 
western  prairies  as  far  as  the  baidvs  of  the  Arkansas,  till, 
at  length,  stripj)ed  of  its  rich  alluvial  lands,  it  enters  tho 
arid  plains  of  the  far  West.  It  is  also  met  with  on  tho 
banks  of  the  Kansas  and  liig  Vermillion  river,  west  of  the 
Missouri,  accompanied  by  the  Nr>ru}ido  nccroidcs,  or  IJox 
Elder,  which  latter  continues  to  the  borders  of  the  Platte. 
It  is  now  much  cultivated  as  a  shade  tree  in  the  streets  of 
our  towns  and  cities,  where  it  grows  with  rapidity,  and  is 
not  attacked  by  insects. 

The  Red  Maple,  (A.  ndmim^)  which  extends  from  tho 
Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Canada,  is  also,  according  to  Douglas, 
found  west  to  the  sources  of  the  Oregon ;  this  fact,  how- 
ever, wc  have  not  been  able  to  corroborate.  A  variety  with 
yellowish  flowers,  noticed  by  Marshall,  is  not  unfrequent  in 


88 


DWARF   MAPLE. 


tho  vicinity  of  Pliilndolpliia,  in  New  Jersey,  and  in  Chester 
County,  according  to  Dr.  Darlington.  In  this  tho  leaves 
are  smaller  and  3-lobed,  and  more  or  less  tomentose  be- 
neath. 


'!    :.9 


III! 


The  Bearded  Maple.  (A.  harhatum  of  Michaux),  ac- 
cording to  Torrey  and  Gray,  turns  out  to  be  a  nonentity, 
as  it  is  founded  upon  the  flowers  of  tlie  Sugar  Maple,  the 
fruit  of  the  Red  Maple,  and  a  leaf  (probably)  of  the  Acer 
spicatum  or  Mountain  Maple  ! 

Sugar  Maple.  {Acer  saccharimim.^  It  is  reported  that 
1,005,000  pounds  of  maple  sugar  have  been  made  annually 
of  late,  in  New  Hampshire,  and  that  several  of  the  counties 
use  it  exclusively,  raising  some  also  for  sale. 

The  Sugar  Maple,  in  and  about  Warwick,  Goshen,  and 
Edenville,  in  the  state  of  New  York,  as  well  as  in  the 
neighbouring  parts  of  New  Jersey,  attains  an  unusually 
large  growth.  Trees  near  Edenville  may  be  seen  which 
are  80  to  90  feet  high,  and  with  a  diameter  of  from  2,  3, 
or  even  4  feet.  A  very  vigorous  tree  with  a  round  sum- 
mit, clad  nearly  to  the  base  with  a  dense  and  very  shady 
circle  of  branches,  about  70  feet  high,  having  a  diameter 
of  2  feet  10  inches,  and  yet  a  comparatively  young  and 
vigorous  tree,  may  be  seen  near  the  late  Dr.  Fowler's  house, 
at  Franklin  Furnace,  and  several  others  in  the  same  neigh- 
bourhood appear  equally  beautiful  and  large.  In  the  old 
trees,  the  bark  accumulating  for  ages,  gives  the  trunk  a 
rough  and  shaggy  appearance,  almost  equal  to  that  of  the 
Shell-bark  Hickory. 

Of  this  genus,  there  are  according  to  Dccandolle,  1 
species  in  Tartary,  5  in  Europe,  (excluding  varieties 
erected  into  species,)  6  in  Japan ;  one  with  oblong  acumi- 
nate entire  leaves  in  Nepaul,  and  specimens  of  G  more 
species  in  the  Herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 


DWARF   MAPLy. 


89 


Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  collected  also  in  IVepaul,  by  Dr. 
Wallick,  and  probably  in  the  region  of  the  Ilimnialay 
Mountains,  of  these  the  most  remarkable  is  the  Acer  can- 
datum,  with  unequally  serrated  G-lobed  leaves,  having 
slender  acuminated  points  an  inch  or  more  in  len^rth. 


12 


if: 


^<.  it; 


90 


xNEGUNDO. 

(MoENCir.  NuTT.  Gen.  Am.)    Acer,  (Linn.) 

Flowors  nioicioTis. — Cahjx  minute  4  to  S-tootlied.  Pc/a/s  none.  Malk, 
Stamens  4  to  5,  anthers  linear  and  acuminate.  Saidura  (or  fruit) 
similar  to  that  of  the  Maple. 

Trees  of  North  America,  with  pinnate  or  twice  trifoliate  leaves,  the 
leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  toothed  or  inciscly  cleft,  resemblinj];  those  of 
an  Ash.  Racemes  of  the  male  flowers  siiort  and  aggregated,  with  filiform 
pedicels.     Fertile  flowers  racemose. 


CALIFORNIAN  BOX  ELDER. 

NF-GUNDO  CALIFORMCVM,  folils  tfifoUolatis  puhcsccntihi/s  JHuiorihus 
tomcntosis,foUolis  ovatis  acuminatis  trlbhalis  inciso-scrmlis;  fructibus 
piihcsccntihns. 

Nrginvlo  Californicvm,  IIook.  and  Ar\ott,  Bot.  Boechy.  Suppl.  p.  327, 
t.  77.     ToRREY  and  Gray,  Flora  1,  p.  250  and  G84. 


Of  this  species,  collected  by  Douglas  in  Upper  California, 
we  know  nothing  from  personal  observation,  not  having 
met  with  it  in  our  visit  to  that  country.  It  is  remarkable 
for  the  almost  tomentose  pubescence  of  its  leaves,  and  the 
petioles  and  young  branchlets  are  said  to  be  velvety ;  the 
leaflets  usually  3,  are  ovate  acuminate,  3-lobed,  cleft,  and 
serrated.  The  samara  oblong,  pubescent,  rather  shorter 
than  the  oblique,  obovatc,  and  nearly  erect  wings  of  the 
seed. 

It  appears  there  is  yet  a  third  species  of  this  Genus, 
called  by  Decandolle,  Nep;undo  Mexicanum,  which  has  also 
trifoliate  leaves. 


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CALIFORNIAN  BOX  ELDER. 

Plate   LXXII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size  in  fruit,     a.  The  male  flowers. 


91 


I  \ 


Box  Elder,  {Ncgimdo  aceroidcs.)  This  tree,  on  the  low 
alluvial  borders  of  rivers,  extends  much  farther  to  the  north 
than  was  supposed  by  Michaux.  Richardson,  Drummond, 
and  Douglas,  found  it  to  be  abundant  about  the  Red  Jiiver 
and  Saskatchawan,  which  latter  river,  (in  latitude  54°,)  is 
its  most  northern  limit.  It  also  occurs  on  the  western 
banks  of  the  Missouri,  and  those  of  the  streams  which 
enter  it  from  the  West.  It  likewise  extends  into  the  inte- 
rior of  Arkansas,  and  for  some  distance  on  the  borders  of 
the  Platte.  According  to  Douglas,  the  Crow  Indians  manu- 
facture Sugar  from  its  sap,  but  it  is  not  near  as  saccharine 
as  that  of  the  Sugar  Maple. 


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92 


BUCKWHEAT  TREE. 

Natural  Order,  Malpighiaceae.    (Juss.)    Linnccan  Classi- 
fication, DeCANDRIA  MONOGYNIA. 

CLIFTONIA,*    (SoLANDER,  herb.  Banks  and  Ga)rtner.) 
Mylocarium,  {\ViUd.  Enum.) 

Ccdijx  inferior,  5-clcll.  PdaJs  5,  unguiculato.  Stamens  10,  5  of  them 
shorter,  the  filaments  dilated  at  base ;  anthers  opening  longitudinally. 
Germ  prismatic,  3  or  4  sided ;  Stigma  sessile,  3  or  4-lobcd.  Capsule 
dilated,  mostly  3-wingcd,  3-celled.     Seed  solitary. 

A  tree  with  alternate,  entire,  coriaceous,  evergreen  leaves,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  bracloolatc,  in  terminal  racemes,  white  tinged  with  a  blush  of  red. 

BUCKWHEAT  TREE. 

CLIFTONIA  iiGUSTRiNA.  Mijlocarium  Ugnstrimmiy  Willd.  Enitm. 
Hab.  Bcrol.  PuRsii.  Flor.  Bor.  Am.  1,  p.  302,  t.  14.  Elliott,  Sketch 
1,  p.  508.     Bot.  Mag,  t.  1025. 


This  elegant  tree  which  enhvcns  the  borders  of  the  pine 
barren  swamps  of  the  South,  is  met  with  no  where  to  the 
north  of  the  Savannah  river,  on  the  hne  of  Georgia  and 
South  Carolina.  From  hence  it  is  occasionally  seen  in  all 
the  lower  and  maritime  region  of  Georgia,  as  well  as  the 
lower  part  of  Alabama  and  West-Florida.  It  attains  the 
height  of  8  to  15  or  more  feet,  being  much  branched,  and 

*  In  honour  of  Dr.  Francis  Clifton,  of  London,  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  a  medical  writer  of  the  last  century. 


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Cliffonia  Itgustiiua 


f^t /A'me-^r' /r/if/Zt'J'  cr\-  V>\vfir 


IIUCKWIIKAT  TKKK. 


93 


spreading  out  at  the  summit  like  an  apple  tree.  Tlic  vcr- 
ticillate  branches  are  regularly  covered  with  a  smooth 
grey  bark.  The  wood  is  coujpact  and  whitish.  It  is 
exceedingly  ornamental  in  llowcr,  which  takes  place  in 
early  Spring,  in  the  month  of  March,  when  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  tree  is  covered  with  the  most  delicate,  elegant, 
and  somewhat  fragrant  Mowers.  The  borders  of  all  the  still 
and  sluggish  streams,  and  the  dark  swamps  of  the  South  arc 
enlivened  by  the  numerous  trees  of  this  species  with  which 
they  are  interspersed.  In  the  intervals  of  their  shade,  in 
West  Florida,  wc  IKqueutly  saw  growing  and  already  in 
flower,  the  Atainasco  Lily,  or  Amaryllis  of  the  North. 

When  the  llowcrs  are  past,  the  tree  jiuts  on  a  still  more 
curious  appearance,  being  loaded  with  triangular,  winged 
capsules  resembling  JJuckwheat,  and  liencu  its  conunon 
name.  The  leaves  resemble  those  of  Privet,  are  evergreen, 
thick,  very  smooth,  not  perceptibly  veined,  and  glaucous 
beneath. 

In  the  Spring  of  1773,  the  indef  aigablc  Wm.  Bartram 
discovered  this  tree,  where  I  after^^  urds  also  saw  it  grow- 
ing, on  the  borders  of  the  Savannah  River,  in  (Georgia. 
He  thus  very  clearly  decribes  it,  as  "a  new  shrub  of  great 
beauty  and  singularity.  It  grows  erect,  7  or  8  feet  high. 
A  multitude  of  stems  arise  from  its  root,  there  divide  thom- 
sclvcs  into  ascending  branches,  which  are  garnished  with 
abundance  of  narrow  lanceolate  obtuse  pointed  leaves,  of  a 
light  green,  smooth  and  shining.  These  branches  with 
their  many  subdivisions,  terminate  in  simple  racemes  of 
pale  incarnate  flowers,  which  make  a  fine  appearance 
among  the  leaves.  The  flowers  arc  succeeded  by  desic- 
cated triquetrous  pcricarpi,  each  containing  a  single  ker- 
nel." (Bartram's  Travels,  page  31.)  How  so  fine  a  plant 
came  to  be  overlooked  for  near  half  a  century,  is  really 
surprising,  considering  the  avidity  of  collectors  and  gar- 
deners.  In  the  northern  States  and  in  Britain,  it  is  a  hardy 


i' 


'■:'!|- 


94 


BUCKWHEAT  TREE. 


greenhouse  plant,  and  well  worth  cultivating.  But  to  see 
it  in  perfection,  you  must  behold  it  in  its  native  swamps, 
attaining  the  magnitude  of  a  tree,  and  blooming  profusely 
on  the  verge  of  winter,  without  any  thing  near  it  as  a  con- 
trast, save  a  withered  carpet  of  leaves  and  leafless  plants, 
and  in  the  midst  of  a  gloom  and  solitude  that  scarcely  any 
thing  else  at  the  time  relieves. 

In  Bartram's  Botanic  Garden,  (Kingsessing),  it  appeared 
to  be  quite  hardy,  and  survived  for  many  years  without 
any  protection. 

Plate  LXXIII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  the  fruit. 


!  ml 


95 


CYRILLA. 

Natural  Order,  Cyrille^.*  (Torrcy  and  Gray,  in  note, 
Flor.  N.  Amer.  I.,  p.  25G.)  Ericetk,  (Jussieu.)  Linmean 
Classification,  Pentandria,  Monogynia. 


Mir 


II 


1!!; 


CYR) 


'Richard,  in  Mich.    Dr.  Garden  and  Linn, 
excluding  the  fruit.) 


Ca/7/x   5  .rsistrnt,  the  divisions  small,  ovatc-lanccolatc   acute. 

Fctah  [i  ao,  lanceolutc  and  acute,  thick  and  convex  in  the  centre, 
exceeding  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  about  the  length  of  the 
petals,  the  filaments  subulate,  anthers  cordate,  distinct,  2-cclled,  opening 
longitudinally.  Ovary,  superior,  oval,  with  a  sjiort  style,  and  2,  or 
rarely  3  thick  obtuse  stigmas ;  ovulcx  solitary,  susjiended.  IViicarp 
oval,  small,  at  first  somewhat  fleshy  indehiscent,  at  length  subcrose,  2- 
celled,  the  cells  l-scedcd,  and  the  seed  pendulous  from  the  summit  of 
the  cells. 


Win 


*  To  this  genus,  as  a  natural  groupc,  Torrey  and  Grey  refer  also  the 
Cli/tonia,  {Mylocarimn,  Willu..)  as  well  as  the  EUiotlia  of  Muhlenberg, 
and  the  whole  are  considered  as  a  sub-order  of  Ericaiie.k.  Of  Elliotfia, 
however,  I  conceive  we  know  too  little  to  be  able  to  decide  on  its  natural 
affinities,  it  will  probably  remain  near  Clethra  in  iM-icacete.  Cliftonia 
appears  to  be  inseparable  from  the  .MALi'i<iJiiAri:.i;,  The  only  genus,  then, 
at  present  embraced  in  this  order,  is  that  of  Cyrilla,  which  without  any 
real  afilnity  to  the  Ericacea-,  is  allied  to  the  lMAi,ri»;niAti;.E  by  its  fruit. 
The  description  of  the  genus,  for  the  present,  may  be  considered  also  as 
that  of  the  order.  The  fruit  of  some  other  plant  than  the  present,  is  de- 
scribed by  Linnreus,  Schreber,  Wilklenow,  L'lleritier,  and  Duhamel ;  as 
they  give  a  bilocular,  bivalvular  capsule,  containing  many  small  angular 
seeds.  It  is  to  Richard,  in  Michaux,  that  we  owe  the  first  correct  descrip- 
tion of  the  fruit  of  Cyrilla. 

t  In  honour  of  Dominico  Cyrilli,  professor  of  Medicine,  at  Naples,  and 
a  botanical  author. 


96 


1^ 


CAROLINA  CYRILLA. 


CVRILLA  RACEMiFLOHA,  foUis  cuncatO'lanccolatis,  viz  acutis,  sub-mem- 

bianaceis,  glabris,  pctalis  cahjcc  trij}lo  longioribus  meMo convexis. 
Cyhilla  racemijlora.    Linn.    Mantis,  p.  50.     Walter.  Flor,  Carol,  p. 

103.     WiLLD.  Sp.  PI,  1.  c.     Rlmott,  Skctcli,  I.  p.  294.     Nouv.   Du- 

iiAMEL,  vol.  1,  p.  215,  t.  40. 
Cyrilla  racemifcra,  Vandell.     Florul.  Lusitan.  et  Brcsil,  specim.  88. 
CvRiLLA  Caroliniana.     Richard  in  Mich.     Flor.  Bor.  Ainer.  1,  p.  158. 

Persoon  1,  p.  175. 
Jtea  Cyrilla.     L'IIerit.     Stirp.  vol.  1,  p.  137,  tab.  CO.    Swartz,  P^-ocZ. 

p.  50.    Sp.  pi.  1,  p.  1146. 

This  very  elegant  tree  begins  to  appear  in  the  low 
humid  woods  and  pine  barrens  of  South  Carolina,  in 
swampy  places,  where  it  attains  the  height  of  12  to  20 
feet,  with  a  diameter  of  8  to  10  inches,  and  is  sometimes 
so  loaded  with  its  numerous  racemes  of  white  flowers  that 
we  can  scarcely  perceive  the  leaves.  It  is  in  fact  one  of 
the  most  bea  utiful  trees  of  the  southern  forests,  and  is  there- 
fore often  preserved  in  the  vicinity  of  habitations  as  an 
ornament.  It  continues  to  be  met  with  throughout  Georgia 
and  the  Floridas ;  reappears  in  the  West  Indies,  and  was 
discovered  by  Vellozo  in  Brazil.  According  to  Michaux 
the  elder,  there  is  also  a  second  species,  {Cyrilla  Jntil' 
lana^)  with  laurel-like  leaves  in  the  Antilles. 

From  the  name  of  Iron- Wood  sometimes  given  to  it  by 
the  English,  it  would  appear  that  the  wood  is  hard  and 
close-grained,  but  no  experiments  have  yet  been  made 
upon  it.  In  Bartram's  Botanic  Garden,  at  Kingsessing,  in 
this  vicinity,  it  is  perfectly  hardy ;  there  is  now  growing 
there  a  tree  near  upon  20  feet  high,  and  2  feet  2  inches  in 
circumference.    The  bark  on  the  old  trunks  is  of  a  reddish 


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'iv  c^iicr,  ;;!tM'(.'  is  ^m-^"  ;r  -(•(^-■uJ    ••p'xi;-.  (('i,.'l'<i  .-.unil- 

{:'■;   !v".:!i  ■;..  \i  \v<j\i\i[   :.u\r^r\\  liin.    th-'  tv*.!*'-'   *-■  h'lril  a'ld 
•<-.;,a:i'i-t  IK';,    'it'    i''.N  •:»'■  '>,!-'    'id  ';Mr.\;-  is  0)  a  r^u^lsb 


i  si  ' 


.//v 


i' ,-\', 


S'S:; 


.  I 


.11-. 


i    a  ■id 

;  -,  m 
It} 


k 


.//»r/«>^  ii',/ 


•''n<t'ai.".'-i'///r 


■ 


;., 


Cvrilla    lYU'cniitlora 


CAROLINA  CYllILLA. 


97 


brown  colour,  in  layers  of  about  a  line  in  thickness,  of  a 
soft,  elastic,  fibrous  and  friable  consistence,  almost  like 
Agaric,  and  may  be  used  like  that  substance  as  a  styptic. 

The  tree  presents  a  widely  spreading  bright  green  sum- 
mit, and  the  branches  come  out  in  a  circular  order,  present- 
ing numerous  slender  twigs.  The  leaves  are  alternate, 
rather  narrow  and  lanceolate,  very  entire,  sometimes  oblan- 
ceolate,  nearly  perennial.  The  flowers  are  small  but  very 
numerous,  disposed  in  slender  pendulous  racemes,  producing 
a  very  graceful  eflect,  and  these  racemes  are  clustered  at 
the  extremities  of  the  branches  of  the  former  season.  The 
petals  are  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  inserted  with- 
out claws  at  the  base  of  the  germ,  and  have  each  an  oblong, 
convex  elevation  or  thickening  of  the  petal  on  the  lower 
part.  The  filaments  alternate  with  the  petals,  and  are 
somewhat  shorter.  The  anthers  are  incumbent,  cordate, 
2-celled,  bifid  at  the  base.  Style  short,  the  stigmas  2  and 
obtuse.  The  pericarp  of  an  oval  form,  never  opens,  is  2- 
celled,  the  sides  filled  with  a  dry  spongy  granular  pulp, 
and  with  a  single  ovate  seed  in  each  cell. 

Plate  LXXIV. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size.   a.  The  flower  enlarged. 


13 


II 


Is''* 


i 

i 

i 

1 

i' 

r 

98 


* 


MAHOGANY. 

(Maiiaoon,  Fr.) 

Natural  Order,  Cedrele;e.    (R.  Brown.)     Linn(Ban  Classi- 
Jication,  Decandria,  Monogynia. 

SWIETENIA*    (Linn.) 

Calux  minute,  4  to  S-lobcd,  deciduous,  rmls  4  or  5.  Stamina  8  to  10, 
united  into  a  subcampanuUttc  10  toothed  tul)C,  internally  anthcnferous. 
S/nJc  short ;  stigina  discoid,  dentate.  Capsule  ovoid,  large  and  woody, 
5-celled,  many  seeded,  opening  from  the  base  upwards,  w.th  o  marginal 
valves;  the  axis  large,  persistent,  pentangular  above,  5-wmgcd  below 
with  the  partitions  of  the  valves.  Seeds,  alatcd,  pendulous,  about  12  in 
each  cell,  imbricated  in  a  double  series.  Emhryo  transverse.  Cotij. 
kdons  confluent  in  and  confounded  with  the  fleshy  albumen. 

Trees  of  warm  or  tropical  climates,  chiefly  India  and  America,  with 
hard  dark  reddish  wood.  The  leaves  abruptly  pinnated,  mostly  with  un- 
equal  sided  leaflets.  Flowers  in  axillary  or  somewhat  tcrnunal  loose 
panicles. 

*  Named  by  Jacquin,  in  honour  of  Gerard  L.  B.  Von  Swicten,  archiater 
to  Maria  Teresa,  Empress  of  Germany,  who,  at  his  persuasion,  founded 
the  Botanic  Garden  at  Vienna. 


II- 


10, 
us. 

ly. 

iml 

ow 

in 

4y. 

nth 
un- 
osc 


ater 
,ded 


MLXXV 


^Swietenia   Idako^oni 

,  ffif^yiutji-    Tret  .^a^M/iru  \i^///uri^f 


XXV 


i 


\ 


".■<. ' 


'(••I...     A- 
>  '•.lilt  11  ■> 

(;■.-....     • 


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.f 


t  ill 


M 


r>['    thr     »    ■!:•      •      -■;  •■     ,     :  ;-'    •  ■■     _•  i  ■ 

n^  .1  nai.iv;..'  i:t   '      •  »'.i  *       i    •  •  >     •!:" 

J  ■'•I':!,  ■•  ^A'  •.   hrs-  u     V  n  H:  '  ■-•    '  '  '  '^  • ' ;  .- 

'.  'i".Hi'i\.  ■'  ('■;;!'  ''Ii    '"'  ^!     ■'  ;  .  'li, r;  (■  ■■■  .  ..a!- 

r  iJji     »,.        .  .         ,'■•••     ■;.   !■  !.>  i' ';(■{.   u':        ;•. 


■:      ],    .      '•-.    ! 


!!!    U!: 

:■;  y  ■>■■<  ■  ■ 

■■■U(  iT'-.-iir 

s;iv,.;:r   ■.- 

'n-r  ihai 

i 

'"')!•,---•:(.{(?] 

V- 

S?r 


VVUl! 


ichu'lVi'UUi 


)-\» 


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v: 


V.-' 


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.  /v;..,., 


■Nwirlcfiui    Maiioooni 


iUi. 


H*y»/   i/' .  /// 


m 


MAIIOfiWY  TIlKi:. 

SVVlf'l'rF.XIA  M\irof!n\r,  /?*///'.<  siih(iiiiiiJiijn<:ls,  fnVinlh  nrntn-lionrnhitif 
fii.fntlis  arin:nti(ilis  /nisi  iiifrt/nn/ifnis^  ncimis  ii lilliiriluis  jiiniiriilniis, 
— Liiiii.  Sp.  pi.  I.)in  AM),  i'l'dd.  v<il,  1,  p.  li-.'i.  ('.WAN.  Dissert.  Vdl. 
7,  p.  :t<l.'»,  t.  Vidi).  .lArtt.  Amcr.  (i;,|.  pi.^tu),  p.  1','7.  Cathshv  ,  Cinnl. 
VI. 1. -J,  I.  Ml.  Ai»n.  .Iissir.r,  iM(  Ml.  Miis.  vol.  H»,  p. -J  lit,  t.  II.  I,a- 
MAHCK,  h'-iii-yL'.  Vdl.  H,  p.  (>7M.  Hook.  lint.  Misccl.  vol.  1,  ji.  V!l,  t.  Ki. 
ToKH.  (.V  (lUAV,  I'lor.  vol.  1,  p.  'iVi, 

CKnui;r.A  Jhliis  pinnalls,  Jlnrihiis  xjuirxis,  li^nn  gmvioii,  Hhomn,  Jiini. 
p.  158. 

Cui>Ru»  mahognni.     Millku,  Diet.  No.  2. 

The  late  Doctor  Mulilcnbcrg  was  tlic  first  to  annoimcc 
the  existence  of  the  Maliogany  tree  witliiii  the  limits^ 
of  the  United  States,  and  lie  jrivcs  it  in  his  cataloirne 
as  a  native  of  I'lorida.  Torrey  and  (iray  add  in  their 
Flora,  "  \Vc  have  seen  in  the  hcrbarinni  of  the  late  Mr. 
Croom,  a  capsule  from  a  collection  made  in  Southern  I'lo- 
rida  by  the  late  Doctor  Leitner,  who  considered  the  tree 
to  which  it  belonged  to  be  the  true  Mahogany,"  1,  p.  121  "J. 
In  one  of  those  botanical  excursions  to  explore  the  wilds 
of  Florida,  in  which  he  had  previously  been  so  eminently 
successful,  the  indefatigable  Leitner  fell  a  victim  to  the 
savage  hostility  which  has  now  so  long  been  protracted 
over  that  devoted  soil.  He  ascended  a  creek  into  the  inte- 
rior,— and  was  seen  no  more ! 

.     .     .     fiicilis  ilcsrrnsiis  Avorno. 
Sod  rcvocarc  gradiim,  superasqiic  cvadcrc  auras, 
Hoc  opus,  hie  labor  est. 

.TINEID.  lib.  V[. 

The  Mahogany  tree  is  said  to  be  of  rajiid  growth,  be- 
coming a  lofty  tree,  with  a  graceful  spreading   summit, 


Ji 


100 


MAHOGANY   TREE. 


the  Stem  attaining  very  large  dimensions,  acquiring  a 
diameter  of  5  or  G  feet.  It  grows  in  the  warmest  parts 
of  America,  as  in  Cuba,  Jamaica,  St.  Domingo,  Aca- 
pulco  on  the  Pacific,  Realijo  in  Guatemala,  and  the 
Bahama  islands,  and  generally  affects  a  rocky  soil  or 
the  sides  of  mountains,  growing  often  in  places  almost 
absolutely  deprived  of  earth.  The  seeds  germinate  in  the 
clefts  of  rocks,  and  when  the  roots  meet  any  insurmount- 
able impediment,  they  spread  out  and  creep  till  they  find 
entrance  into  other  clefts  into  which  they  can  penetrate, 
and  sometimes  it  happens  that  the  increasing  dimensions 
of  the  roots  succeed  so  far  as  to  split  the  rocks  themselves. 
Such  trees  in  the  Bahama  islands,  growing  so  contorted  for 
want  of  soil,  produce  the  much  esteemed  and  curiously 
veined  wood,  known  in  Europe  as  "  Madeira  wood."  In 
Jamaica  it  is  also  a  common  tree  on  the  plains  or  lower 
hill  sides,  and  Dr.  Macfadyen  remarks,  in  that  island  he 
had  never  met  with  it  at  an  elevation  above  3000  feet,  nor 
very  close  to  the  sea  shore.  In  some  of  the  islands  it  is 
now  rare  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  sea,  because  of  its 
convenience  for  embarkation,  and  it  is  cut  down  of  all 
ages,  w  ithout  any  forethought  for  the  future. 

Doctor  Macfadyen,  speaking  of  the  Mahogany  of  Ja- 
maica says,  "  It  is  at  present  much  more  scarce  than  it 
appears  to  have  formerly  been.  It  was  from  this  island 
that  the  supply  for  Europe  was  in  former  times  principally 
obtained,  and  the  old  Jamaica  Mahogany  is  still  considered 
superior  to  any  that  can  now  be  procured  from  other  coun- 
tries. In  1753,  according  to  Dr.  Browne,  521,300  feet  in 
planks,  were  shipped  from  this  island,  but  at  present  very 
little  is  exported  from  it.  It  was  formerly  so  plentiful  as 
to  be  applied  to  the  commonest  purposes ;  such  as  planks, 
boards,  shingles,  &c."  "The  beauty  of  the  Mahogany 
wood,  is  said  to  have  been  f7rst  discovered  by  a  carpenter 
on  board  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  vessel,  at  the  time  the 


MAHOGANY   TREE. 


101 


ship  was  in  harbour  at  Trinidad,  in  1595."  The  first  use 
to  which  it  was  appHed  in  England,  was  the  humble  one  of 
forming  a  candle-box,  and  about  the  end  of  the  ITth  cen- 
tury, it  was  brought  into  notice  by  Dr.  Gibbons,  a  London 
physician,  who  had  received  planks  of  it  from  his  brother, 
commanding  a  vessel  in  the  West  India  trade.  Since 
which  time  it  has  been  employed  for  costly  furniture,  and 
occupies  the  most  distinguished  place  in  the  drawing-rooms 
of  nobility  and  fashion,  quite  supplanting  the  old  oaken 
tables  and  domestic  panelling  of  antiquity. 

The  most  beautiful  wood  for  variety  of  figure  and  agree- 
able accident,  is  obtained  from  sections  of  the  base  of  the 
stem  and  root.  No  other  wood  can  rival  it  for  diversity 
of  shades,  presenting  spots,  waves  and  clouds,  more  varied 
even  than  the  tortoise  shell,  which  it  so  much  resembles. 
Its  superior  density  also  allows  it  to  acquire  the  highest 
polish  of  which  any  wood  is  susceptible. 

The  principal  supply  of  Mahogany  is  now  obtained  from 
Honduras ;  but  it  is  of  a  very  inferior  quality,  being  open 
grained,  light  and  porous,  and  of  a  paler  and  inferior  colour. 
Trees,  it  seems,  grown  in  low  or  alluvial  lands,  never  give 
a  rich  and  hard  wood.  Hence  the  Mahogany  of  St.  Do- 
mingo and  that  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  is  considered  supe- 
rior to  what  is  at  present  exported  from  Jamaica.  It  was 
formerly  employed  by  the  Spaniards  of  llavaiina  in  ship- 
building, and  it  is  said  to  be  unattackcd  by  worms,  to 
endure  long  in  water,  and  to  receive  the  bullet  without 
splitting.  Mr.  Crout,  cabinet  maker,  in  Philadelphia,  so 
curious  in  our  native  woods,  has  favoured  me  with  a  speci- 
men of  Mahogany  from  East  Florida,  remnrkable  for  its 
waving  spots,  which  almost  exactly  resemble  those  of  the 
Bird's  Eye  Maple. 

The  bark  of  the  Mahogany  is  astringent,  and  considered 
useful  in  diarrhoea ;  indeed  it  resembles  that  of  the  Cin- 
chona in  colour  and  taste,  though  somewhat  more  bitter. 


102 


MAHOGANY  TREE. 


ft  has  been  given  with  success  in  powder,  as  a  substitute 
for  Peruvian  Bark.* 

The  leaves  of  the  Mahogany  have  a  very  light,  airy  and 
graceful  appearance,  feathered  or  pinnate,  in  3  to  5  pairs 
of  leaflets,  ending  abruptly  without  any  terminal  one. 
They  are  remarkable  for  their  obliquity  or  the  inequality 
of  their  sides,  the  lower  portion  of  the  leaf  from  the  mid- 
rib not  being  more  than  half  as  wide  as  the  upper,  they 
are  quite  entire,  smooth,  shining,  and  coriaceous  like  the 
laurel,  being  probably  of  long  duration,  and  giving  the  tree 
the  character  of  an  evergreen ;  their  form  is  between  ovate 
and  lanceolate,  with  a  very  slender  and  sharply  acuminated 
point ;  the  general  footstalk  is  about  an  inch  and  a  half 
long.  The  flowers  are  small  and  greenish-yellow,  disposed 
in  loose,  axillary,  long  pedunculated  panicles,  3  to  4  inches 
long  and  pendent.  The  flowers  and  their  mode  of  growth 
are  a  good  deal  like  those  of  the  Melia,  or  Pride  of  India, 
but  they  are  smaller.  The  calyx  is  minute,  with  5  very 
shallow  lobes.  Petals  oblong-ovate.  Tube  of  the  sta- 
mens cylindric-campanulate,  10  toothed,  internally  a  little 
below  the  summit,  bearing  the  anthers,  which  are  small, 
yellow,  and  alternating  with  the  teeth  of  the  tube.  A  short 
denticulate  disc  encircles  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Ovary 
ovate,  green;  style  cylindrical;  the  stigma  peltate,  with 
5  denticulations.  Capsule  egg-shaped,  the  size  of  an 
orange,  rufous-brown,  minutely  tuberculated,  5-celled, 
opening  with  5  valves  from  the  base,  covered  within  with 
a  distinct  coriaceous  plate.  Receptacle  central,  large,  pen- 
tagonal, with  the  angles  prominent,  opposite,  and  meeting 
up  with  the  edges  of  the  valves,  so  as  to  form  the  septa  of 
the  cells;  seeds  at  the  apex  of  the  receptacle,  15  in  each 
cell,  compressed,  truncated  at  base,  expanded  at  the  sum- 
mil  into  a  membranaceous,  oblong  wing. 


Macfculym,  Flora  .Tamaic.  p.  177. 


MAHOGANY   'J'llKE. 


103 


To  show  the  present  extensive  use  of  Malioguny  in  Eng- 
land, it  may  be  sufficient  to  mention  tliat  in  1829,  tlic  im- 
portation amounted  to  19,335  tons. 

In  Cuba  and  Honduras,  it  becomes  one  of  the  most 
majestic  of  trees,  growing  and  increasing  for  some  centu- 
ries. Its  gigantic  trunk  throws  out  such  massive  arms, 
and  spreads  the  shade  of  its  shining  green  leaves  over 
such  a  vast  surface,  that  all  other  trees  appear  insignifi- 
cant in  the  comparison.  A  single  log  not  unfrequently 
weighs  6  or  7  tons,  and  a  tree  has  been  known  to  contain 
as  much  as  12,000  superficial  feet,  and  to  have  produced 
upwards  of  1000/.  sterling.  The  largest  log  ever  cut  in 
Honduras,  was  17  feet  long,  57  inches  broad,  and  5  feet  4 
inches  in  depth;  measuring  5.1G8  superficial  feet,  or  15 
tons  weight. 

The  Mahogany  of  Honduras*  is  cut  about  the  month  of 
August,  by  gangs  of  men  of  from  20  to  50  each.  The 
woods  arc  penetrated  and  surveyed  from  the  summit  of 
some  lofty  tree,  and  the  leaves  at  this  season  having  ac- 
quired a  yellow  reddish  hue,  are  discerned  by  an  accus- 
tomed eye  at  a  great  distance.  The  trees  are  commonly 
cut  10  or  12  feet  from  the  ground,  a  stage  being  cn.cted 
for  the  purpose.  The  trunk  from  the  dimensions  of  the 
wood  it  furnishes,  is  deemed  the  most  valuable ;  but  for 
ornamental  purposes,  the  limbs,  or  brunches,  are  generally 
preferred. 

A  sufficient  number  of  trees  being  felled  to  occupy  the 
gang  during  the  season,  they  commence  cutting  the  roads 
upon  which  they  are  to  be  transported.  This  may  fairly 
be  estimated  at  two-thirds  of  the  labour  and  expense  of 
Mahogany  cutting.  Each  mahogany  no.k  forms  in  itself 
a  small  village  on  the  bank  of  a  river, — the  choice  of  situ- 


*  Supposcil  by  Mr.  R.  Browne  to  be  a  pcculiur  species,  on  the  authority 
of  Brown's  Hist,  of  Jamaica. 


J  i 


104 


MAHOGANY  TREE. 


ation  being  always  regulated  by  the  proximity  of  such  river 
to  the  mahogany  intended  as  the  object  of  future  operation. 
These  roads  are  cleared  out  by  the  cutlass  and  the  axe, 
in  the  same  manner  that  the  first  roads  in  our  back  forests 
are  made;  bridges  have  also  to  be  constructed.  The  trunks 
of  the  trees  are  then  cut  into  square  logs.  April  and  May, 
being  the  driest  season  in  this  climate,  is  chosen  as  the 
only  time  when  the  logs  can  be  drawn  to  their  destination 
from  the  interior  of  the  forest.  Each  truck  requires  7  pair 
of  oxen  and  2  drivers,  and  12  to  lead  or  put  the  logs  on 
the  carriages.  From  the  intense  heat  of  the  sun,  the  cattle 
especially,  would  be  unable  to  work  during  its  influence, 
and  consequently  the  loading  and  carriage  of  the  timber  is 
performed  in  the  night.  On  the  rise  of  the  rivers  at  the 
close  of  May,  the  logs  are  floated  down  to  their  destination 
and  finally  shipped  from  Belize  in  Honduras  to  Europe. 


Plate  LXXV. 
A  branch  in  flower  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  capsule,    b.  The  seed. 


105 


ORANGE  TEEE. 

(L'Obanger,  Fr.) 

Natural  Order,  Aurantiaceje,  (Correa.)     Linnmn  Classi- 
Jication,  Polyandria  Monogynia. 


CITRUS.*    (Linn.) 

Cali/z  S-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5  or  more,  oblong,  spreading.  Stamens, 
filaments  about  20  to  60,  forming  a  cylinder  and  disposed  in  several 
sets.  Germ  superior,  style  cylindrical  with  a  capitate  stigma.  Berry 
many-celled,  inclosed  by  a  fleshy  glandular  rind,  the  cells  9  to  18,  sepa- 
rated from  each  other  by  membranous  envelopes,  pulp  watery,  contained 
in  numerous  utricular  vesicles.  Seals  oblong,  attached  to  the  inner 
angle  of  the  cell,  albumen  none.  Embryo  straight,  the  seed  leaves  or 
cotyledones  large  and  thick,  oflen  more  than  2. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  tropical  or  mild  climates,  chiefly  indigenous  to 
eastern  Asia,  India,  and  China,  with  a  single  species  in  Guiana,  (tropical 
America.)  Leaves  alternate,  solitary,  articulated  to  the  summit  of  a 
petiole  which  is  usually  margined  or  alated,  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  in  tho 
uncultivated  state,  usually  produce  simple  spines. 

*  Derived  from  Ktrput,  the  Lemon,  and  x/t/i(«.,  the  Citron,  which  among 
the  Greeks  and  Romans  included  also  the  Cedar  or  some  similar  tree, 
which  they  probably  associated  from  the  fragrance  of  its  wood. 


14 


■  ;i 


100 


WILD  ORANGE  TREE. 


CITRUS  vutoAHis,  (Risso)  pctio^is  nlatis,  foliis  clUpticis  acntis  crenu- 
lulls,  florihus  icosandris,  fructiiam  glolmsormu  cortlce  tcnui  scahiosn, 
indpa  acfi  amara.  Decand.  Prod.  I.  p.  539.  Risso,  Aunal.  Mus.  vol. 
liO,  p.  1<J0. 

CiTKus  Aurantinm  Indicum.     Gall.  citr.  p.  122. 

Citrus  Bignrradia.     Nouv.  Duiiajiel,  vol.  7,  p.  99. 

Bigarailc  of  the  French,  or  Bitter  Orange. 

Citrus  sjmiosissima?     Meyer,  Esseuvib.  p.  247. 

Aiirantium  vidgare,  acre  ;  primum,    Farrarius,  Ilcspcr.  p.  374. 

Aurantium  sijlvcstrc,  medulla  acri.    Tournefort's  Institutes,  p.  G20. 

Malus  Auraiitia  sijlvcstris,    J.  Bauiiin,  Hist.  vol.  1,  p.  99. 


From  the  relation  of  William  Bartram,  in  his  Travels 
up  the  St.  John's  in  East  Florida,  in  the  year  1774,  it  is 
evident  that  the  Orange  tree  is  abundantly  indigenous  to 
the  banks  of  that  stream.  Groves  of  Orange  trees,  of  largo 
dimensions,  loaded  with  their  golden  fruit,  spread  them- 
selves before  the  traveller  in  the  greatest  profusion,  and  he 
might  readily  imagine  himself  transported  in  reality  to  the 
gardens  of  the  Hesperides.  As  the  Orange  was  there  found 
an  established  denizen  of  the  country,  previous  to  all  Euro- 
pean settlement,  we  must  of  course  conclude  it  to  be,  like 
the  banana  and  some  other  tropical  productions,  a  native 
alike  of  both  the  old  and  the  new  continent.  These  forests 
of  the  Wild  Orange  trees  are  frequent  in  East  Florida  as 
far  north  as  the  latitude  of  28°.  According  to  the  observa- 
tions of  the  late  Mr.  Croom,  "  they  are  rarely  found  north 
of  latitude  29°  30',  although  there  is  a  small  grove  near  the 
Alligator  Pond,  which  is  somewhat  north  of  latitude  30°. 
The  fruit,  (according  to  Torrey  and  Gray,)  is  known  by  the 
name  of  the  Bitter-Sweet  Orange. 

To  show  the  extent  of  these  groves,  in  a  notice  of  the 


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Cilni.s    viiigans 


WILD  ORANGE  TREE. 


107 


town  of  New  Smyrna,  liartram  observes,  "I  was  there 
about  10  years  ago,  (1761),  when  tlic  surveyor  run  the 
line.s  of  the  colony,  where  there  was  neitlicr  habitation  nor 
cleared  field.  It  was  then  a  famous  Oranfijc  grove,  the 
upper  or  south  promontory  of  a  ridge  nearly  half  a  mile 
wide,  and  stretching  north  about  40  miles,"  6:c.  All  this 
was  one  entire  Oran^rc  irrovc,  with  Live  Oaks,  Magnolias, 
Palms,  Red  J  Jays,  and  others.  (Uaiitiiam's  Travels,  in  a 
note  to  page  Ml.)  On  page  253,  he  also  remarks,  "I  have 
often  been  allected  with  extreme  regret,  at  beholding  the 
destruction  and  devastation  which  has  been  committed,  or 
indiscreetly  exercised  on  those  extensive  fruitful  Orange 
groves,  on  the  banks  of  St.  .Juan,  by  the  new  planters  under 
the  Ih'itish  government,  some  hundred  acres  of  which,  at 
a  single  plantation,  have  been  entirely  destroyed,  to  make 
room  for  the  Indigo,  Cotton,  Corn,"  «kc. 

In  the  forests  of  Essequibo  there  appears  to  be  a  variety 
of  this  species  of  Orange,  equally  indigenous  with  the  pre- 
sent, it  is  also  wild  about  Vera  Cruz,  and  near  Mexico  and 
Panuco,*  and  is  indigenous  in  Porto  Rico,  liarbadocs, 
and  the  Bermudas,  as  well  as  in  Brazil,  and  St.  Jago  of 
the  Cape  Verd  Islands.  Hughes  also  speaks  of  it  in 
his  time  as  being  natural  in  the  woods  at  Orange  Bay  in 
Jamaica,  both  the  sweet  and  sour  kinds  in  great  plenty. 
The  specimens  which  I  have  seen  brought  from  East  Flo- 
rida, by  Mr.  James  Reed,  are  evidently  referable  to  the 
present  species,  the  Orange  of  India,  though  we  have  not 
had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  any  specimen  of  the  fruit; 
but,  according  to  Bartram,  the  taste  is  sufficiently  grateful, 
as  he  made  use  of  it  to  season  and  add  a  relish  to  his 
animal  food. 

India  is  the  native  country  of  the  Orange  now  so  gene- 
rally naturalized  in  the  south  of  Europe,  particularly  along 


I'!  \] ! 


Phillu's  in  Ilakluyt's  Voyages,  1.  c. 


108 


WILD  ORANGE  TREE. 


the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  About  Nice  all  the  known 
species  and  varieties  of  this  grateful  fruit  are  cultivated  in 
perfection.  Tiie  Orange  lias  also  been  supposed  to  bo  a 
native  of  the  Ilcspcrides,  or  Canary  Islands,  and  its  fruit 
to  be  the  golden  apples,  which  the  daughters  of  Hesperus 
caused  to  be  so  strictly  guarded  by  a  watchful  dragon.  Under 
this  idea,  Ventcnat  changed  the  name  of  the  natural  order 
to  which  it  belongs  from  Aurantiiu  to  Ilesperidie,  an  inno- 
vation more  poetic  than  philosophical,  and  which  has  not 
been  adopted. 

The  Lemon  appears  to  have  been  the  first  of  the  genus 
which  was  introduced  into  Europe.  TheophrastuB,  and 
after  him  Pliny,  speak  of  a  fruit  known  under  the  name  of 
the  Apple  of  Persia^  or  of  Media.  Virgil  in  his  Georgics, 
extols  the  happy  eflccts  supposed  to  be  produced  by  the 
use  of  the  Apple  of  Media. 

.     .     .     Animos  ot  olontia  Modi 
Ora  Ibvcnt  illo,  ct  scnibus  mcdicuiitur  uiihclis. 

Geohu.  Lib.  2. 

The  Phocians  are  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  who 
planted  this  tree  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  when 
they  founded  the  city  of  Marseilles.  In  the  11th  century 
the  Seville  Orange  was  already  s})rcad  through  all  the 
islands  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  in  the  13th  century  it 
was  established  about  Nice.  The  species  of  Orange  of 
which  we  are  now  treating,  (the  Bigaradicr  of  the  French,) 
appears  to  have  been  introduced  from  India  into  Europe  by 
the  Arabs,  who  cultivate  it  in  all  the  countries  subjected  to 
their  dominion.  The  Citron  passed  from  Egypt  into  Europe 
in  the  time  of  the  Crusades.  According  to  the  testimony 
of  one  of  the  Arabian  writers,  it  was  from  Phenicia  that  the 
golden  Orange  was  conveyed  to  the  gardens  of  Seville. 
No  traveller  has  in  a  positive  manner  established  the 
native  country  of  the  true  Orange ;  and  it  is  nearly  alike 


WILD  ORANGE  TRKK. 


109 


whether  wc  should  atlrihuto  it  to  Japan  or  tlio  islands  of 
the  Pacific,  more  particularly  the  Philippines. 

The  duration  of  the  Oruii^^i  tree,  in  the  countries  where 
it  is  indigenous,  is  no  douht  very  great.  Many  of  those 
cultivated  in  the  maritime  Alps  of  France,  are  more  than 
250  years  of  age;  and  according  to  Hisso,  a  wind  from  the 
S.  S.  E.  in  February  1807,  overturned  in  the  commune  of 
Esa,  citron  trees  which  were  more  than  500  years  old. 
Tamara  and  Ferrarius  both  describe  an  Orange  tree, 
planted  in  the  year  1200  by  Saint  DominicU,  in  the  garden 
of  the  convent  of  S.  int  Subine  in  Rome,  which  is  said  still 
to  exist. 

The  Orange  is  considered  the  most  beautiful  tree  of 
Europe ;  the  majesty  and  regularity  of  its  form,  the  bril- 
liant and  unfading  green  of  iis  graciul  foliage,  its  white 
and  fragrant  flowers,  and  splendid  irui.,  strike  the  beholder 
with  admiration.  Its  beauty  is  not  transicr-t,  like  that  of 
ordinary  orchard  trees,  but  nviiwly  throug'K.i.£  the  year  it 
is  luxuriantly  adorned  with  flowers  and  fruit.  The  culti- 
vated Orange  attains  the  height  of  25  to  30  feet,  v  itb  a 
circumference  of  2  or  3  feet.  The  wild  Orange  of  Florida, 
however,  acquires  a  greater  height  than  those  which  I 
have  observed  in  cultivation  in  the  Azores.  The  wood  is 
compact,  close  and  fine  grained,  very  hard,  and  suscep- 
tible of  a  fine  polish,  slightly  veined,  and  suitable  for  inlaid 
work.  The  wood  of  the  Wild  or  Bitter  Orange  is  pre- 
ferred by  chemists  because  of  its  superior  density.  The 
leaves  have  aUr  ,i  more  powerful  odor,  distilled  they  give 
a  bitter  aromatic  water,  known  in  Languedoc  by  the  name 
of  PEau  de  Naples.  By  the  same  operation  is  also  ob- 
tained an  essential  oil  of  a  better  quality  than  that  from 
the  leaves  of  the  true  orange.  The  Oravgc-Flowcr  Watcr^ 
a  well  known  perfume,  is  obtained  also  from  this  species. 
It  is  praised  for  its  cordial  virtues,  and  as  a  cephalic,  vermi- 
fuge, and  antispasmodic.    The  fruit  is  made  great  use  of 


110 


WILD  ORANGE  TREE. 


for 


seasoning 


fish  and  meats,  and  to  give  a  relish  to  various 
sauces.  A  wine  is  also  made  from  the  juice  of  the  sweet 
Orange,  mixed  with  the  extract  of  the  peel  fermented,  which 
keeps  a  long  time,  and  when  old  acquires  the  taste  of  the 
Malvoisie  of  Madeira. 

The  smell  of  the  Orange  flower  is  almost  universally  es- 
teemed, it  is  salutary  and  refreshing,  and  is  unrivalled  for  its 
excellent  perfume.  The  juice  of  the  fruit  is  equally  grateful, 
it  allays  heat  and  thirst,  and  by  promoting  various  excre- 
tions, proves  of  considerable  use  in  febrile  and  inflamma- 
tory diseases.  The  outer  yellow  rind  of  the  Seville  Orange 
is  a  grateful  aromatic  bitter,  tending  to  improve  the  appe- 
tite, and  it  is  employed  in  making  the  well  known  conserve, 
marmalade. 

In  the  Azores,  the  cultivation  of  the  Orange  as  an  article 
of  commerce,  is  of  great  importance  to  the  inhabitants,  and 
every  means  are  employed  for  its  success.  The  trees  in 
Fayal  are  defended  from  the  severe  sea  breezes  by  very 
high  stone  walls,  and  plantations  of  young  trees  are  de- 
fended for  several  years  by  rows  of  the  Faya  {JSIyrica  Faya,) 
planted  between  them,  and  though  the  trees  there  rarely 
attain  a  greater  height  than  20  or  25  feet,  they  spread  out 
many  large  branches  and  sometimes  a  single  tree  has  pro- 
duced as  many  as  6000  Oranges.  The  best  kind  brought 
to  the  European  markets  are  those  from  the  island  of  St. 
Michael.  They  have  an  even  shining  rind  with  a  deli- 
ciously  sweet  and  agreeable  pulp. 

As  I  have  already  remarked,  a  specimen  of  the  Wild 
Orange  from  Florida,  is  in  no  way  distinguishable  from  the 
Citrus  vulgaris  of  Asia,  it  has  the  same  elliptic  leaves,  with 
alated  peduncles,  small  axillary  spines,  and  axillary  and 
terminal  white  flowers  on  short  peduncles,  with  20  stamens. 


Plate  LXXVI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  with  the  fruit. 


le 
id 
in 

y 

B- 

0 

ly 
lit 

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llt 
Jt. 

li- 

,ld 
he 
th 
nd 

IS. 


IMl.XXVII 


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r,'in</irir.t/i/h, 


I 


,,  .  ,  I'liisiii  IJavii 


(XVII 


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fu-^<i(r-s/llh, 


O:! 


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^'.'■^  , 


\\. 


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<i. 


Ill 


BALSAM  TREE. 

Natural  Order,  Guttifer^.,  (Juss.)      Linnoian  Classifica- 
tion, POLYANDRIA  MONOGYNIA. 


CLUSIA.*    (Linn.) 

Cahjx  of  4  to  8  sepals  imbricated  and  coloured.  Cowl/a  of  4  to  8  petals. 
Stamens  niinierous.  Style  none.  Stigma  radintely  \)cltatc.  Flowers 
commonly  polygamous,  with  the  fertile  ovary  surrounded  by  a  short 
thick  nectary.  Ca2'>sulc  fleshy,  coriaceous,  5  to  12  valved,  oiieninii;  at 
the  apex ;  placcntte  triangular,  united  into  a  central  colunui,  each  one 
attached  to  the  introflccted  valvules.  Seeds  terete;  cotyledones  sepa- 
rable. 

Parasitical  trees  of  tropical  America,  with  opposite  coriaceous  entire  leaves 
without  stii)ulcs. 


YELLOW  FLOWERED  BALSAM  TREE. 


CLUSTA  FLAVA,  forihns  pohjgamis,  calycc  iiolyplnillo,  corolla  tctraiictala 
flava,  staminibus  mcmaosis  hrcvihus,  stigmatihus  circitcr  12,  J'oUis 
obovatis  ohtusis  aliqiumdo  cmargbiatis,  hrevitcr  2Ktiolatls  stnalis.  De- 
t:AND.  Prod.  vol.  1,  p.  559. 

Clausa  flava,  foliis  avcniis,  corollis  tctrapctalis.  Linn.  Syst,  Vcg. 
vol.  4,  p.  328.    Jacq.  Stirp.  Amcr.  p.  272,  t.  107. 


*  Named  in  honour  of  Charles  dc  TEclusc,  a  celebrated  botanist  of  the 
16th  century. 


112 


YELLOW  FLOWERED  BALSAM  TREE. 


Clusia  arhorca,  fuUis  crasxis,  mtiifix,  oljovnto-suh/otundis ;  Jllorihus  soli' 

tariis.     Bkown,  Jam.  p.  2'S6. 
Teicbinthus  folio  xhij^iilarl,  imn  alato,  ml  undo  sucadcnto  ;  jlorc  tetrape- 

tab,  'pallidc  lutco,  fructii  majoir,  iiuniopijnno.     Sloane,  Jam.  p.  167. 

Hist.  vol.  1,  p.  yi,  t.  aOO,  f.  1. 


This  singular  and  splendid  tree  is  a  native  of  Jamaica, 
and  Cayenne  in  South  America,  where  it  is  found  among 
rocks  on  the  declivities  of  mountains.  We  have  now  also 
to  record  it  as  a  native  of  Key  West  in  Florida,  where  it 
has  recently  been  found  with  so  many  other  tropical  pro- 
ductions by  Dr.  Blodgett.  It  grows  to  the  height  of  about 
20  feet  or  upwards,  and  like  other  kindred  species  of  the 
genus,  is  parasitic  on  the  trunks  or  limbs  of  other  trees,  a 
habit  supposed  to  be  occasioned  by  birds  accidentally  scat- 
tering the  viscid  seeds,  which  take  root  like  those  of  the 
Misseltoe ;  when  having  obtained  a  considerable  size,  the 
roots  creep  along  the  surface  of  the  tree  in  quest  of  nourish- 
ment and  support,  penetrating  into  any  decayed  cavity  of 
the  supporting  trunk,  and  finally  reaching  the  ground 
though  at  forty  feet  distance,  where  now,  at  length,  per- 
manently fixed,  it  becomes  a  large  and  independent  tree. 
A  viscid  or  resinous  balsamic  whitish  juice  exudes  from 
every  part  of  the  tree  when  cut,  which  becomes  red  or 
brownish  when  exposed  to  the  air,  and  hardens  like  other 
gums  or  colophony.  As  yet  this  substance  has  been 
applied  to  no  useful  purpose  more  than  as  a  dressing  to  the 
sores  of  horses,  and  by  the  Indians  is  mixed  with  tallow  to 
pay  their  boats  to  prevent  leakage. 

The  leaves  of  this  plant  as  well  as  those  of  C.  rosea  and 
C.  alba  are  very  remarkable  in  their  form  and  appearance ; 
being  very  smooth  and  of  a  thick  leathery  consistence, 
wedge-shaped  or  inversely  oval,  5  or  6  inches  long  by  about  4 
wide,  entire  or  slightly  repand  at  the  summit,  which  is  round- 
ed, they  are  insensibly  narrowed  downwards  to  a  thick 
petiole  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  and  marked  beneath 


i 


YELLOW  FLOWERED  BALSAM  TREE. 


113 


with  many  transverse  ascending  veins  which  are  scarcely 
perceptible  at  the  surface,  all  inosculating  together  near 
the  border.  The  flowers  are  shortly  pedunculate,  axillary 
and  terminal,  solitary  or  by  3's  oh  the  same  peduncle. 
The  calyx  is  almost  quadrangular,  composed  of  IG  sepals, 
disposed  in  4  ranks ;  they  arc  somewhat  rounded  and  con- 
cave, the  inner  series  gradually  becoming  larger.  The 
corolla  is  pale  yellow,  of  4  oval  petals  somewhat  un- 
guiculated,  very  thick,  two  of  them  larger  than  the  others. 
Stamens  very  numerous,  on  short  thick  filaments,  nearly 
in  4  rows  round  the  germ,  with  vhe  anthers  distinctly  2- 
lobed.  The  germ  is  very  small,  with  a  thick  12  rayed, 
almost  capitate  stigma,  with  4  lateral  appendages.  The 
capsule  with  12  cells  and  12  thick  valves  containing  nume- 
rous oblong  seeds,  enveloped  in  a  soft  pulp  and  attached  to 
a  large  oblong  12  furrowed  placenta  or  receptacle.  The 
fruit  is  about  the  size  of  a  fig  with  something  of  its  form, 
and  hence  it  is  known  to  the  Negroes  by  the  name  of  the 
Wild  Fig.     (Macfadyen.) 


Plate  LXXVII. 

A  small  branch  with  the  leaves  reduced  to  about  one-half  their  natural 

size. 


15 


III 


Ill 


TOUCH    WOOD. 


(PiALSAMIEIl,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  Amyridaceve,  (R.  Brown).     Linnwan  Clas- 
sification, OCTANDIIIA  MONOGYNIA. 


AMYRIS.*    (Linn.) 

Cah/x  l-toothcd,  porslstonl.  Pduh  4,  oljlnnjr,  spreading,  imbricated  in 
the  l)ud.  S/aniots  8,  sliorler  lliiiu  the  jiet.ils.  Sligina  scsyile,  obtuse  and 
indistinct.     Dnq)C  1-seedcd,  with  a  cliurtaccous  uut. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  tropical  America,  with  opposite  compound  leaves, 
mostly  of  u  single  pair,  or  trilbliatc  i)innatc;  tlic  leaflets  as  well  as  the 
drupe  iilled  with  pellucid  aromatic  glands.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal, 
Iricliotomous  panicles. 


FLORIDA  TORCH  WOOD. 

AMYRIS  FLORiDANA,/o/w's  hrcvi-jtctiolatis,  foUoUs  l-jagis  aim  impari 
ovalis  intcgcrrimis  ohtusiusaills  siihacummatis  nitidis,  paniculis  tcr- 
minalihiis  abbrcviatis,  dnipa  sid^ghhosa  hasi  angustala. 

Amykis  Fhridana,  Nutt.  in  SiUim.  Journ.  vol.  5,  p.  294.  Decand. 
Prod.  2,  p.  81.     ToRREV  &  Gray,  Flora  of  North  Amer.  1  p.  221. 

This  plant  forms  a  small  evergreen  tree,  about  15  to  20 
feet  high,  and  like  most  of  the  genus,  affects  the  borders  of 
the  sea.    Major  Ware  first  found  this  species  in  some  part 

*  The  name  is  derived  from  i^vfitoi.  Myrrh,  in  allusion  to  the  gum  or 
resin  allbrdcd  by  dUlbrcnt  species  of  the  genus. 


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FLORIDA    miM'll    WOOD. 


iir> 


of  Firtst  Florida,  no  doubl  near  ihn  coast ;  and  fine  speci- 
mens liavc  been  collected  on  the  shores  of  Key  West,  by 
Dr.  niod;,'ett. 

The  general  appearance  of  this  eleifant  tree,  and  its  Incid 
leaves  almost  remind  one  of  the  myrtle;  the  leaves,  always 
growing  by  3's,  arc  e(|iially  lillod  with  aromatic,  oily  reser- 
voirs, looking  like  pellucid  dots  when  viewing  the  leaf  uh 
held  up  to  the  light.  They  arc  oi)posite,  on  petioles  of 
about  i  an  inch  in  length  ;  the  petiole  of  the  central  leaflet 
of  the  three  is  also  about  the  same  extent ;  the  leaflets  arc 
short,  about  1  to  1|  inches  h^jg,  by  an  inch  in  width, 
perfectly  entire,  of  a  broad  ovate  form,  shortly  acuminate, 
with  the  point  mostly  obtuse,  but  slightly  apiculated ; 
beneath  dull  and  paler,  above  reticulately  veined  and  shin- 
ing. The  flowers  are  small  and  yellowish  white,  in  termi- 
nal, shortish,  oppositely  branched  panicles.  The  calyx  is 
minute,  and  4  toothed.  The  petals  '1,  oval-oblong,  concave, 
spreading  and  glandular  beneath.  Stamens  8,  shorter  than 
the  petals,  Avith  long,  white,  oblong-linear  2-celled  anthers, 
which  open  lengthways.  The  germ  is  ovate,  with  a  small, 
sessile,  concave  stigma.  The  berry  is  black  and  glaucous 
with  a  bloom,  narrowed  below,  about  the  size  of  a  grain  of 
black  pepper,  and  covered  with  an  agreeably  aromatic,  oily 
pulp. 

This  species  is  considerably  allied  to  Amyris  maritimn^ 
which  produces  a  white,  hard  and  odoriferous  wood,  but 
in  that  plant  the  leaves  are  really  obtuse,  almost  round,  not 
acuminate,  decidedly  crenatc  on  the  margin,  and  of  a 
much  thicker  consistence. 

The  wood  of  this  species  is  yellowish  white,  close  grain- 
ed, and  capable  of  receiving  a  high  polish.  The  leaves  and 
bark  of  several  of  the  West  India  species  of  this  genus 
yield  a  fine  balsamic  juice,  wholly  resembling  that  of  the 
Gilead  balsam.  By  distillation  the  wood  would  also  yield 
a  very  grateful  perfume. 


116 


FLORIDA    TORCH  WOOD. 


One  of  the  oriental  species  formerly  included  in  this 
genus,  has  been  long  familiar ;  namely  the  A.  Gilcadcnsis^ 
which  yields  the  balsam  of  Mecca  or  of  Gilead,  the  most 
fragrant  and  pleasant  of  balsams.  From  the  A.  Elcmifera 
of  Brazil,  is  obtained  the  gum  Elemi.  The  A.  Ambrosiaca 
of  Guiana,  (now  referred  to  Idea  of  Aublet,)  becomes  a 
tree,  and  yields  a  very  odoriferous  balsam  from  the  trunk 
and  branches,  which  is  used  in  dysentery,  and  burnt  in 
houses  and  churches  as  a  perfume.  It  also  produces  the 
resin  of  Coumia. 

Plate  LXXVIII. 
A  branch  of  the  natural  size,     a.  Tiie  flower,    b.  The  fruit. 


PI.  Lzziy,, 


A/ 


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117 


BUR  SEE  A.    (JAcquiN.) 

(GOMART,  Fr.) 

Natural  Order,  BuRSEUACEiE,  (Kunth.)     LinrKtan  Classifi- 
cation, POLYGAMIA   DlffiCIA. 


Flowers  PotYGAJiors.  Male.  Cali/x  small,  3  to  5-p,artccl,  with  obtuse 
lobes.  Petals,  3  to  5,  spreading,  with  a  valvular  astivation.  Stanruuh 
6  to  10 ;  annular  disk,  with  6  to  8  crenulations.  Fektile  Flowkrs, 
with  the  calyx  3-partcd.  rdals  3.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  ovate,  3-cellcd. 
Style  short,  with  a  capitate  obtuse,  3-lobed  stigma.  Dnqic  oblong,  with 
3  nuts  ;  the  bark  succulent  and  trivalvular ;  2  of  the  nuts  abortive ;  the 
fertile  one  fleshy,  bearing  2  ovules,  and  perfecting  only  one  seed.  Seal 
pendulous,  without  albumen ;  cotylcdones  foliaceous,  with  wrinkled  folds, 
the  radicle  straight  and  superior. 


Tropical  American  balsam-bearing  trees,  with  unequally  pinnated  and 
sometimes  simple  articulated  leaves,  with  small  flowers  in  axillary  racemose 
panicles. 

Named  afler  Joachim  Durser,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Sara,  in  Naples. 


WEST  INDIAN  BIllCH  TREE. 


BURSFiRA  GdMMiFERA,  foUis  dcciduis  scepius   impari-pinnatis,  foliolh 

ovatis  acntis  mcmhranaccis,  raccmis  axillarihus.     Decand.  Prod.  vol. 

2,  p.  78.     Jacquin.  Anier.  p.  04,  tab.  G5.     Swartz,  Obs.  p.  130. 
Terehintiius  major  hctida:  cortice,  fmctu  triaiigulari.     Sloaxe,  Jam.  t. 

199. 
Teremintiius yb/m  cordato-ovatis  j^innatls,  corllcclavi mfescente,  jlorihiis 

masciiUs  sjncutis.     Bbown,  Jam.  p.  345. 

The  West  Indiau  or  Jamaica  Bircli  becomes  a  large,  lofty 


118 


WEST   INDIAN   niRCII  TREE. 


and  graceful  tree,  with  an  upriglit,  smooth,  round  trunk  of  3 
to  4  feet  in  diameter,  havinij  an  even,  thin,  membranaceous 
brown  or  greyish  bark,  [jeeling  ull'in  shreds  hke  the  European 
IJirch ;  but  in  other  respects  it  bears  not  the  shghtcst  rela- 
tion to  that  tree.  It  produces  a  fine,  spreading,  much 
branched  summit,  full  of  elegant,  feathery  leaves,  almost 
like  those  of  the  Ailanthus;  and  though  an  exclusive  native 
of  the  tropics,  it  annually  sheds  its  leaves  in  the  winter, 
flowering  and  renewing  its  foliage  in  the  months  of  March 
and  April.  It  is  common  in  most  of  the  West  India  islands, 
as  well  as  in  the  adjoining  continent,  and  is  described  as 
being  common  on  Key  West,  by  our  friend  Dr.  Dlodgett. 
It  is  known  to  the  Frenrli  inhabitants  by  the  name  of  Gum- 
mier, from  the  circumstance  of  its  affording  resin  ;  by  the 
Spaniards  it  is  called  Almicigo  or  Mastic  Tree,  each  one 
comparing  it  with  something  growing  in  their  native  coun- 
try. 

All  paits  of  the  plant  abound  with  a  glutinous,  bal- 
samic juice,  having  the  odor  of  turpentine,  which  soon 
thickens  in  the  air,  and  forms  a  transparent  gum-resin  of  a 
dark  green  color,  bearing  some  resemblance  to  mastic,  but 
with  an  unpleasant  alliaceous  smell.  It  is  soluble  in  alco- 
hol, and  may  be  employed,  like  mastic,  as  a  transparent 
varnish.  It  might  also  be  substituted  in  the  form  of  pills 
for  Copaiba  and  other  nauseous  balsams,  in  diseased  dis- 
charges from  the  mucous  membranes.  Jacquin  observes, 
that  the  bark  of  the  root  is  often  exported  to  Europe  in 
place  of  that  of  the  Simaruba,  and  by  some  it  is  said  to 
possess,  in  fact,  the  same  properties  as  Quassia. 

As  a  timber  tree,  the  Bursera  is  considered  of  little  value, 
ihe  wood  being  white,  soft  and  brittle,  and  it  is  seldom  put 
to  anv  use  bui  us  fuel. 

The  leaves  are  alternate,  and  unequally  pinnated  ;  i-ather 
long  petiolate,  composed  each  of  3,  .5,  7,  or  even  sometimes 
9  opposite  leaflets,  which  are  jiotiolated,  oval,  acuminate, 


WEST  INDIAN  UlilClI  TUEE. 


119 


rounded  at  base,  and 
smooth  on  botli  sides. 


somewhat  cordate,  entire,  at  length 
,  even,  and  a  litfle  shininir  above. 


(an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  iiiclios  wide,  and  about  3  inches 
long,  when  fully  expanded  after  tlio  I  lowering  period.)  The 
flowers  arc  small,  whitish,  scentless,  growing  in  axillary, 
clustered  flowered  racemes  or  panicles,  towards  the  sum- 
mits of  the  branches.  The  drupe  is  about  the  size  of  a 
hazel  nut,  greenish,  tinted  with  brownish  purple  when  ripe, 
resinous,  fragrant,  with  a  succulent  bark,  appearing  some- 
what 3-lobed,  3-celled  and  3-valved,  with  only  1  seed 
usually  coming  to  perfection,  the  nuts  of  the  2  other  cells 
being  abortive  ;  the  nuts  are  very  white,  a  little  compress- 
ed, each  containing  one  kernel. 

Two  other  species  of  this  genus  are  described  by  Decan- 
dolle,  B.  acuminata,  from  St.  Domingo,  of  which  but  little  is 
known,  and  the  B,  simplicifoHa,  which  is  probably  not  a 
congener,  having  a  single  nut,  exactly  3-sided,  with  the 
angles  partly  salient.  This  bears  simple  leaves,  and  forms 
a  tree  only  about  15  feet  in  height. 

The  Burscra  paniciilata,  (now  Colophonia  mauritiana,) 
the  Bois  de  Colophonc  of  the  isle  of  France,  gives  out  from 
the  slightest  wound  in  the  bark,  a  copious  flow  of  limpid  oil 
with  a  pungent,  turpentine  odor,  which  soon  congeals  to 
the  consistence  of  butter,  assuming  the  appearance  of  cam- 
phor. 


Plate  LXXIX. 

A  brancli  of  llic  luUural  size,     a,  Tlic  Jiiipc.     h.  Tlic  nut.     c.  Tlic 
malo  flower,    d.  The  Icinalo  llowcr.    c.  A  suiull  fiuiliiig  branch. 


120 


SUMACH. 

Natural  Order,   Anacardiace;e,    (R.   Brown.)     Linnccan 
Classification,  Pentandria  Trigynia. 

RHUS.*    (Linn.) 

Flowers  I'OLVfiAMoiT.s  or  msrxuAi,. — Cahix  small,  5-partccl,  persistent. 
rctuls  5,  small,  ovate  sprcadinj^,  imbricated  in  ivstiviition.  Stamens  5, 
equal,  free.  Toms  an  orbicular  disk.  Ovary  ovate  or  globose,  1- 
colled:  ovule  solitary.  Styles  3,  distinct  or  combined.  FiuU  almost 
a  dry  drupe.  The  Nut  bony,  1-celIed,  1-sccded,  even  or  grooved. 
Seed,  (by  abortion,)  solitary,  attached  to  the  extremity  oi"  a  basilar 
funiculus.  Embryo  inverted;  cotylcdoncs  foliaccous;  radicle  curved 
and  opposite  to  the  hylum. 

Shrubs  or  trees  of  various  countries  and  climates,  but  more  abundant 
in  those  which  are  mild.  Leaves  alternate,  com])ound,  ternate  or  pinnate. 
Panicles  axillary  and  terminal,  the  flowers  small,  greenish,  and  inconspi- 
cuous. 

§  MuToniTM.    Drupe  ovafc-ohlong,  dry  and  smooth,  nut  cUartaccous. 

Seed  arillate. 


*  The  name  is  derived  from  the  Celtic  word  rhudd,  signifying  red,  from 
the  prevailing  colour  of  the  fruit.  Tiic  name  Sumach  is  from  the  Arabic 
name  SimCig. 


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CORAL    SUMACH. 


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RHUS  METOpruM,  foUis  pinnatis  'Z-Z-jugis  cum  impari  glabcrrimis, 

folioUs  pictiolulatis  ovatis  intcgcrrimis, 
Rhus  metopiuji.     Linn.     AmcEii.  Acad.  vol.  5,  p.  395.      Decand. 

Prod.  vol.  2,  p.  67. 
Metopium  foUis  suhrotundis  pinnato-quitiatis,  racemis  cdarihus.  Brown, 

Jamaic.  p.  177,  tab.  13,  fig.  3. 
Terehintlbus  maxima,  2nnnis  j)aucionhus  majorihis  atque  rotundiorihus, 

fnictii  raccmoso  sjMrso.  Sloane,  Jam.  167.    Hist.  vol.  2,  p.  90,  t.  199. 

Fig.  3.     Raii,  Dcndrol.  p.  51. 
Borbonia  fnictu  corallino,  Jlore  peiitapetalo.    Plumier,  ic.  61. 

This  stately  species  of  Sumach  becomes  a  tree  of  15  to 
20  or  more  feet  in  height,  and  in  Jamaica  affects  the  cal- 
careous hills.  It  is  also  a  native  of  Cuba  and  Key  West, 
(Dr.  Blodgelt).  The  wood  is  hard,  and  when  large  enough, 
suitable  for  furniture. 

Like  several  other  native  species  of  the  genus,  it  is  to 
some  individuals  poisonous  to  the  touch.  This,  and  the 
Mountain  Sumach,  are  called  in  St.  Domingo,  "  Mountain 
Manchiniel,"  from  the  poisonous  qualities  of  the  juice  they 
exude.  The  branches  are  erect  and  smooth.  The  leaves 
come  out  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  are  unequally 
pinnate,  usually  2  pair  and  an  odd  one,  but  sometimes  3 
pair  and  a  terminal  leaflet.  The  leaves  are  very  smooth 
and  coriaceous,  quite  entire,  upon  long  petiolesj  the  leaflets 
are  usually  broad-ovate  and  acuminate,  on  longish  partial 
petioles,  the  upper  pair  unequal  at  the  base;  sometimes 
they  are  of  an  elliptic  form,  and  occasionally  obtuse  and 
rounded  at  the  extremity.  The  flowers  are  dioicous;  in 
terminal,  loose,  open,  spreading  panicles  which  are  about 
the  length  of  the  leaves ;  the  bracts  are  very  small.  The 
16 


p' 


122 


CORAL  SUMACH. 


calyx  is  5-parted,  the  segments  ovate  and  dilated  with 
membranous  margins.  Petals  5,  ovate,  yellowish-white, 
covered  with  dark  longitudinal  lines.  Stamens  5,  not  ex- 
serted.  In  the  fertile  flower  the  stigma  appears  to  be  very 
small  and  unequally  3-lobed.  The  berries  are  oblong, 
smooth,  somewhat  oblique,  scarlet,  and  .as  large  as  peas ; 
the  nut  is  thin  and  chartaceous. 

A  transparent  gum  in  small  quantities,  exudes  sponta- 
neously from  the  peduncles  of  the  flowers,  which  probably 
is  of  the  nature  of  varnish. 


Among  the  useful  and  remarkable  species  of  this  ex- 
tensive genus,  may  be  mentioned  the  Elm-Leaved  Sumach, 
(Rhus  Coriaria),  which  is  so  far  harmless  as  occasionally  to 
be  employed  for  culinary  purposes,  the  seeds  being  com- 
monly used  in  Aleppo  at  meals  to  provoke  an  appetite. 
The  leaves  and  seeds  are  also  used  in  medicine  as  astrin- 
geiit  and  styptic  applications.  From  time  immemorial  it 
has  been  employed  like  oak  bark  for  tanning  leather,  and 
that  of  Turkey  is  chiefly  tanned  with  this  plant.  The  pulp 
of  the  drupes  of  several  species  affords  an  agreeable  acid, 
similar  to  that  of  wood  sorrel,  either  the  oxalic  or  tar- 
taric. 

The  Rhus  vernix  affords  the  Japan  varnish,  which  oozes 
from  incisions  made  in  the  tree,  and  grows  thick  and  black 
when  exposed  to  the  air.  It  is  so  transparent,  that  when 
laid  pure  upon  boxes  or  furniture,  every  vein  of  the  wood 
may  be  clearly  seen.  With  it  the  Japanese  varnish  most 
of  their  household  furniture  made  of  wood.  The  milky 
juice  of  the  plant  stains  linen  a  dark  brown;  the  whole 
shrub  like  our  Poison  Ash,  {R.  venenata)^  to  which  it  is 
nearly  allied,  is  in  a  high  degree  poisonous ;  and  the  poison 
is  communicated  by  touching  or  smelling  any  part  of  it. 
Inflammations  appear  on  the  skin  in  large  blotches,  suc- 
ceeded by  pustules  which  rise  in  the  inflamed  parts,  and 


CORAL  SUMACH. 


123 


fill  with  watery  matter,  attended  with  burning  and  itching, 
which  continues  for  several  days,  after  which  the  inflam- 
mation subsides.  The  extremities  and  glandular  parts  of 
the  body  are  those  which  arc  most  affected.  Our  Rhus 
radicans  and  JR.  Toxicodendron,  (Poison  Vines),  operate 
nearly  in  the  same  way,  though  in  a  less  degree  than  the 
Poison  i^.sh  or  Rhus  vernix.  Many  persons,  however,  can 
approach  and  handle  these  deleterious  plants  with  impunity. 
One  of  the  most  dangerous  species  in  America,  is  the  Rhus 
pumila,  of  Michaux,  a  native  of  North  Carolina.  Mr. 
Lyons,  a  well-known  and  assiduous  collector  of  rare  and 
ornamental  plants,  suffered  extremely  from  its  venom,  by 
merely  collecting  the  seeds ;  it  produced  a  general  fever, 
and  affected  the  use  of  his  limbs  for  several  years. 

Plate  LXXX. 


A  branch  of  the  natural  size.    a.  The  male  flowers,    b.  A  flower 

enlarged. 


